Choose for me Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Decide for me - Essay Example As indicated by the yearly report 1997-98 introduced by the U.S. Branch of Health and Human Services, there was a decrease in the birth rate for youngsters between the age of 15-19 somewhere in the range of 1991 and 1996 in all states. During this period, the general U.S. high schooler birth rate fell by 12 percent, by 12 percent or more in 28 states, by 16 percent or more in 13 states, while, decrease in 4 states surpassed 20 percent. Despite the fact that the figures show that there has been an improvement in youngster birth rate however it’s still an issue which is making a ton of issues for the youthful moms, the administration just as the general public. Adolescent childbearing is related with genuine wellbeing dangers. Juvenile moms, particularly who are under 15 years old have a higher pace of birth complexities including iron deficiency, hypertension, drawn out or untimely work, pregnancy related diseases and irregular draining and so forth. There are more prominent odds of having a low birth weight and neonatal passing rate, which implies that the newborn child bites the dust inside 28 days of the birth, when contrasted with grown-up pregnant ladies. Other clinical issues related with high school moms are poor maternal weight increase, untimely birth and they are likewise increasingly inclined to contracting Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Horrible eating routine is another factor related with negative pregnancy as is the utilization of medications, liquor and smoking. The high school moms not just experience the ill effects of sick wellbeing and clinical dangers, yet in addition face mental issues which incorporate school interference, restricted professional chances, tenacious neediness, partition from the child’s father and now and again rehashed pregnancies. Now and again if the school isn't intruded on, it brings about poor scholarly execution. â€Å"Teen moms are in mental danger since they experience more elevated levels of pressure, despair, sentiment of weakness, low confidence, a feeling of individual

An Overview of General Strain Theory Essay

In current criminological research and discussion, general strain hypothesis (GST) stays at the cutting edge. The point of this paper is to examine general strain hypothesis (GST), what it is, and how it became. Subtleties on explicit research in regards to general strain hypothesis, be that as it may, lie past the extent of this composition. This paper will rather concentrate on GST’s place among other criminological speculations, and why it stands where it is today. In this manner, to get an appropriate viewpoint on this hypothesis, it is reasonable in any case a diagram on its beginnings. General strain hypothesis sprang from the standard strain hypothesis created in the late nineteenth and mid twentieth hundreds of years (Agnew, 1992). Up until the fade of the 1960’s, strain hypothesis had become the superior hypothesis on aberrance. As the 70’s moved through, be that as it may, different differential-affiliation speculations, just as social learning and soci al control hypotheses, supplanted strain hypothesis and left it in close to lowness. There it stayed, generally, until the ascent of GST (Cole, 1975). Be that as it may, what, at that point, is strain hypothesis? Originating from crafted by Émile Durkheim and Robert Merton, strain hypothesis spins around the ideas of anomie and, obviously, strain. The focal thought is that, while society as a rule may share shared objectives of independence and riches, the way to accomplish those objectives is constrained by financial class. The divergence between what is normal and what is conceivable, and the subsequent strain, prompts anomie, a condition of normlessness, where the standard of direct becomes slanted and self-administrative qualities are dismissed (Featherstone and Deflem, 2003). Strain is said to drive the denied into following an existence of abnormality as a way to accomplish in any case incomprehensible objectives. A person under strain may likewise supplant those objectives with something all the more promptly attainable, for example, â€Å"toughness† or â€Å"respect†. While there are minor departure from standard strain hypothesis, they for the most part incline toward this focal idea. As increasingly more research was directed all through the late twentieth century, it turned out to be certain that, while strain hypothesis could clarify numerous sorts of wrongdoing, it couldn’t clarify everything, for example, why wrongdoing happens inside well-to-do hovers where there is little strain of this sort. Observational help for customary strain hypothesis got more vulnerable and more vulnerable, and, as expressed, it dropped out of favorâ by the 1970’s, supplanted by speculations that focused more on wrongdoing being a socially learned conduct. Yet, not every person dismissed the old hypothesis. All through the 1980’s, youthful humanist Robert Agnew composed a few papers examining and investigating conventional strain hypothesis. One of his papers written in 1985 proposed another interpretation of strain hypothesis, in which Agnew presented blockage of torment shirking as an extra reason for strains prompting degenerate conduct. These works indicated that there could be different ways that strain can cause aberrance, shedding trust in a more current, all the more enveloping brand of strain hypothesis. Toward the beginning of the next decade, Robert Agnew’s concentrates at long last finished into a criminological achievement. In 1992, Robert Agnew distributed a de finite paper officially sketching out the new â€Å"general strain theory† which, rather than following the conventional spotlight on more extensive subculture recognitions and budgetary goals, had an accentuation â€Å"on the individual and their quick social environment†. This new hypothesis developed the financial objectives delineated in strain hypothesis to remember individual objectives for general, for example, getting passing marks or having numerous companions. Moreover, Agnew presented the â€Å"removal of emphatically esteemed stimuli† as a sort of strain, including the view of injustice starting from an absence of applause, or lacking remuneration for additional work. The third wellspring of strain introduced was the nearness of negative improvements, for example, youngster misuse or comparable unpleasant occasions. Strikingly enough, these three new aspects of strain were propelled by explore in fields outside customary criminology, for example, brain science and humanism (Agnew, 1992). Using these new meanings of strain, Agnew could give a hypothetical reason for a wide range of sorts of wrongdoing, a lot more than was conceivable utilizing customary strain hypothesis. A significant part of Agnew’s hypothesis was that he reco rded habits of strain as well as sketched out associations between different strains, and the habits through which they may push a person to misconduct, in new ways that took into consideration more noteworthy exact help than conventional strain hypothesis had the option to acquire. Agnew’s work immediately caught the interests of the criminological network, and in the decades since its presentation, general strain hypothesis has kept on picking up ubiquity over the world. Research keeps on being performed on GST, and the outcomes by and large appear to be ideal for this moderately youthful hypothesis (Sung Joon and Johnson, 2003). As information continuesâ to be accumulated, general strain hypothesis is consistently refined and further characterized, Agnew still investigations, changes, and expounds on his hypothesis (Baron, 2007). Various investigations taken everywhere throughout the globe have given a lot of extra help and extension to GST consistently, however the full profundity of GST’s applications has not yet been completely investigated (Froggio and Agnew, 2007). All things considered, general strain hypothesis has been utilized to clarify numerous parts of wrongdoing, for example, fear mongering, tranquilize misuse, and contrasts in cri me percentages between social classes, between racial gatherings, and between sexual orientations (Agnew, 2010) (Kaufman, Rebellon, Thaxton, and Agnew, 2008). General strain hypothesis has to be sure increased a lot of help, and can clarify numerous parts of wrongdoing, at the same time, as Agnew himself noted, it doesn't represent strains caused through non-social methods, for example, coincidentally or sickness (1992). In its present state, GST is to a greater extent a system for deciding probabilities of abnormality as opposed to a clarification of when and how violations might be submitted (refer to). These and different viewpoints should be represented and tried before GST can turn into a full option in contrast to different hypotheses. Positively, testing for such an expansive range of strains and reactions as of now introduced as a rule strain hypothesis as of now presents a convoluted test to established researchers. There is some hypothesis that the present help appeared for GST in numerous investigations has been earned utilizing mistaken testing strategies (Froggio, 2007). There is additionally examine that shows that while strain may cause specific kinds of guiltiness, it isn't legitimately liable for any nonaggressive wrongdoing. So, GST is still only a dubious hypothesis, with much space for examination and development. It positively appears to conceivably answer numerous issues on the idea of wrongdoing, yet it requires significantly more research before any ends can be made about its veracity and about its latent capacity. Agnew’s work rejuvenated a withering enthusiasm for strain and its effects on degenerate conduct. The truth will surface eventually whether this hypothesis can satisfy the acclaim it has earned in these beginning periods. While its future appears to be splendid, general strain hypothesis for the present remains only an establishment for some future examinations a nd studies. References Agnew, R. (1985). A Revised Strain Theory of Delinquency. Social Forces, 64(1), 151-167. Recovered from EBSCOhost. Agnew, R. (1992). Establishment for a General Strain Theory of Crime and Delinquency. Criminology, 30(1), 47-87. Agnew, R. (2010). A general strain hypothesis of psychological warfare. Hypothetical Criminology, 14(2), 131-153. doi:10.1177/1362480609350163 Aseltine Jr., R. H., Gore, S., and Gordon, J. (2000). Life Stress, Anger and Anxiety, and Delinquency: An Empirical Test of General Strain Theory. Diary of Health and Social Behavior, 41(3), 256-275. Recovered from EBSCOhost. Aristocrat, S. W. (2007). Road Youth, Gender, Financial Strain, and Crime: Exploring Broidy and Agnew’s Extension to General Strain Theory. Freak Behavior, 28(3), 273-302. doi:10.1080/01639620701233217 [Cole, Stephen. (1975). The Growth of Scientific Knowledge: Theories of Deviance as a Case Study. The Idea of Social Structure: Papers in Honor of Robert K. Merton, 175-220 altered by Lewis Coser. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.] Featherstone, R., and Deflem, M. (2003). Anomie and Strain: Context and Consequences of Merton’s Two Th eories. Sociological Inquiry, 73(4), 471-489. doi:10.1111/1475-682X.00067 Froggio, G. (2007). Strain and Juvenile Delinquency: A Critical Review of Agnew’s General Strain Theory. Diary of Loss and Trauma, 12(4), 383-418. doi:10.1080/15325020701249363 Froggio, G., and Agnew, R. (2007). The connection among wrongdoing and â€Å"objective† versus â€Å"subjective† strains. Diary of Criminal Justice, 35(1), 81-87. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2006.11.017 Kaufman, J. M., Rebellon, C. J., Thaxton, S., and Agnew, R. (2008). A General Strain Theory of Racial Differences in Criminal Offending.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology (Australian Academic Press), 41(3), 421-437. doi:10.1375/acri.41.3.421 Sung Joon, J., and Johnson, B. R. (2003). Strain, Negative Emotions, and Deviant Coping Among African Americans: A Test of General Strain Theory. Diary of Quantitative Criminology, 19(1), 79. Recovered from EBSCOhost.

CEO, Philip Krim, Became an Entrepreneur in His Dorm Room

Blog Archive Hear How Casper’s Co-Founder/CEO, Philip Krim, Became an Entrepreneur in His Dorm Room Philip Krim, Co-Founder of Casper Today, many aspiring MBAs and MBA graduates want to join start-ups or launch such companies themselves. Is entrepreneurship as exciting as it seems? Is it really for you? mbaMission Founder Jeremy Shinewald has teamed up with Venture for America and CBS Interactive  to launch  Smart People Should Build Things: The Venture for America Podcast. Each week, Shinewald interviews another entrepreneur so you can hear the gritty stories of their ups and downs on the road to success. Philip Krim has been an entrepreneur for more than a decade. His first company was established during one of Krims summer breaks at the University of Texas, when he decided to avoid working a traditional summer job and instead founded the e-commerce company The Merrick Group. By the time Krim graduated, the firm was listed among the 500 fastest growing in the country. Tune in to the podcast to hear what led Krim to co-found the mattress company Casper, as he shares these and other stories: How not one but three close family members ended up working at The Merrick Group What was needed to transform the company he built from his dorm room into a $9.7M success in only five years Why Krim had “sworn off the mattress industry” and how he ended up co-founding one of the most notable mattress companies today Subscribe to the podcast series to hear more exciting entrepreneurial stories like Krim’s! Share ThisTweet News

Khan Academy Free Online Video Tutorials

Khan Academy tutorials have revolutionized the way that people think about teaching and learning online. This non-profit educational website was started by MIT grad Salman Khan. He began using the internet as a way to tutor a young relative and people found his video tutorials so useful that he quit his job and began making educational resources full time. The site now provides more than 3,000 free educational videos on a range of topics including mathematics, economics, history, and computer science.These free lessons are delivered via OpenCourseWare Youtube video clips embedded on the Khan Academy website www.KhanAcademy.org. Many of the videos include free examples and practice exercises. Khan Academy prides itself with having delivered well over 100 million lessons free of charge.One of the advantages of learning from Khan is the nature in which each video tutorial is presented. Rather than looking at the instructors face, the videos are presented in a conversational form as if t he pupil is receiving one-on-one instruction with step-by-step doodles. Khan Academy Tutorial Subjects Each Khan Academy subject is broken down into several categories. Math offers a span from basic Algebra and Geometry up to Calculus and Differential Equations. One of the more unique aspects of this category is the presence of its brain teaser section. In addition to being a good preparation for popular job interview questions, it’s also an enjoyable way to learn different logic principles.The category for Science offers everything from basic Biology to lessons on Organic Chemistry and Computer Science. This section offers some very unique courses on Healthcare and Medicine exploring topics like Heart Disease and Healthcare Costs.The Finance and Economics category offers videos on Banking, the Credit Crisis, and Economics. The Venture Capital courses are within this section and cover everything an entrepreneur would need to know to take a startup all the way to an initial public offering.The Humanities category offers a number of civics and history courses on interesting subje cts like how the United States Electoral College functions. The History courses offer a very detailed examination of world events throughout history. There is even a broad examination of over 1700 years of art history.The fifth and final category is very different from the previous four. It’s called Test Prep and offers courses to assist pupils in preparing to take standardized tests like the SAT, the GMAT, and even Singapore Math.In addition to the rather large selection of learning videos located on the Watch section of the website, there is also a practice section which allows learners to select the areas of learning which they’d prefer to take practice quizzes on. The website allows those that sign in to track their progress through each lesson. It also allows teachers or coaches to track and assist their students as they go through the various lessons.Content is available in subtitles for a wide range of languages and is dubbed in 16. Those interested in volunteer ing are encouraged to help with the translation effort. When taking a break from a course, the Khan Academy offers an area where students can explore a wide range of Khan Academy related talks and interviews primarily involving the founder Salman Khan.br/>The wealth of information available at Khan Academy makes it one of the most popular learning websites on the internet. It’s used by young and old alike to learn, practice and improve different skills. With some lessons taking less than ten minutes and with the ability to pause, one can control the rate at which they learn and adjust their study efforts to meet any schedule. A pilot program is currently in place to test the integration of Khan Academy with a number of traditional schools. With such popularity, it seems very likely that content from online sources such as Khan Academy will increasingly be found in traditional classrooms as a way to augment the curriculum. Khan Academy Apps The official mobile app to view and access Khan Academy is available free via the Apple iTunes store. Android users can download the Khan Academy App from Google Play.   Getting Credit for Khan Tutorials While you can’t earn college credit just by viewing the Khan Tutorials, you can use them to earn credit via testing. Take a look at this article to find out how to get college credit by exam.

4 Things That Define Minerals

In the field of geology, you will often hear a variety of terms including the word mineral. What are minerals, exactly? They are any substance that meets these four specific qualities: Minerals are natural: These substances that form without any human help.Minerals are solid: They dont droop or melt or evaporate.Minerals are inorganic: They arent carbon compounds like those found in living things.Minerals are crystalline: They have a distinct recipe and arrangement of atoms. Despite that, though, there are still some exceptions to these criteria. Unnatural Minerals Until the 1990s, mineralogists could propose names for chemical compounds that formed during the breakdown of artificial substances...things found in places like industrial sludge pits and rusting cars. That loophole is now closed, but there are minerals on the books that arent truly natural. Soft Minerals Traditionally and officially, native mercury is considered a mineral, even though the metal is liquid at room temperature. At about -40 C, though, it solidifies and forms crystals like other metals. So there are parts of Antarctica where mercury is unimpeachably a mineral. For a less extreme example, consider the mineral ikaite, a hydrated calcium carbonate that forms only in cold water. It degrades into calcite and water above 8 C. It is significant in the polar regions, the ocean floor, and other cold places, but you cant bring it into the lab except in a freezer. Ice is a mineral, even though it isnt listed in the mineral field guide. When ice collects in large enough bodies, it flows in its solid state -- thats what glaciers are. And salt (halite) behaves similarly, rising underground in broad domes and sometimes spilling out in salt glaciers. Indeed, all minerals, and the rocks they are part of, slowly deform given enough heat and pressure. Thats what makes plate tectonics possible. So in a sense, no minerals are really solid except maybe diamonds. Other minerals that arent quite solid are instead flexible. The mica minerals are the best-known example, but molybdenite is another. Its metallic flakes can be crumpled like aluminum foil. The asbestos mineral chrysotile  is stringy enough to weave into cloth. Organic Minerals The rule that minerals must be inorganic may be the strictest one. The substances that make up coal, for instance, are different kinds of hydrocarbon compounds derived from cell walls, wood, pollen, and so on. These are called macerals instead of minerals. If coal is squeezed hard enough for long enough, the carbon sheds all its other elements and becomes graphite. Even though it is of organic origin, graphite is a true mineral with carbon atoms arranged in sheets. Diamonds, similarly, are carbon atoms arranged in a rigid framework. After some four billion years of life on Earth, its safe to say that all the worlds diamonds and graphite are of organic origin even if they arent strictly speaking organic. Amorphous Minerals A few things fall short in crystallinity, hard as we try. Many minerals form crystals that are too small to see under the microscope. But even these can be shown to be crystalline at the nanoscale using the technique of X-ray powder diffraction, though, because X-rays are a super-shortwave type of light that can image extremely small things. Having a crystal form means that the substance has a chemical formula. It might be as simple as halites (NaCl) or complex like  epidotes (Ca2Al2(Fe3, Al)(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH)), but if you were shrunk to an atoms size, you could tell what mineral you were seeing by its molecular makeup and arrangement. A few substances fail the X-ray test. They are truly glasses or colloids, with a fully random structure at the atomic scale. They are amorphous, scientific Latin for formless. These get the honorary name mineraloid. Mineraloids are a small club of about eight members, and thats stretching things by including some organic substances (violating criterion 3 as well as 4).

Physician Assisted Suicide - 1418 Words

Imagine a cancer patient on a short rode to death. The pain this patient is experiencing is unreal and unimaginable to most. The pain medicine that can be used does little to take the agony away. The doctors can put the patient in an induced coma, but what kind of living is that? It is not living. The patient does not want to go on. Is it so wrong to ask for a way out? With less than six months to live, the patient’s hope is gone. Many argue that euthanasia is not ethical, but is it really ethical to let someone live in constant, horrifying pain and agony? While in some cases having the right to die might result in patients giving up on life, physician-assisted suicide should be legalized in all fifty states for terminally ill patients with worsening or unbearable pain. What is physician-assisted suicide? â€Å"Suicide is the act of taking ones own life. In assisted suicide, the means to end a patient’s life is provided to the patient (i.e. medication or a weapon) with knowledge of the patients intention† (American Nurses Association). Physician-assisted suicide is known by many names such as death with dignity, right to die, and of course, euthanasia. Euthanasia is a much more in-depth term concerning the patient and the type of suicide. Euthanasia, often called mercy killing, is the act of putting to death someone suffering from a painful and prolonged illness or injury. Euthanasia means that someone other than the patient commits an action with the intent toShow MoreRelatedEssay On Physician Assisted Suicide1549 Words   |  7 PagesWriting Project Worksheet 1. This paper will examine the Washington state policy of physician-assisted suicide. 2. State Info: (characteristics, size, culture, political culture, industries, features, etc. to explain state support of policy) Washington is a state in the northwestern United States with an estimated population of 7,288,000, as of July 1, 2016. Washington’s population is primarily white at 69% (not including Hispanics), with Hispanics comprising 12.4%, Asians 8.6%, and African AmericansRead MoreThe Treatment Of Physician Assisted Suicide1025 Words   |  5 Pagesprecious hour will give the loved ones a time to say goodbye just before they die with dignity in physician assisted suicide. Terminally ill patients have the right to end their own lives using physician assisted suicide (PAS) without repercussions of laws and people with opposing opinions. According to an article from CNN.com, there are currently five states in the U.S. where physician-assisted suicide is currently legal. In order to be eligible legally for PAS the patient must have six months orRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide2301 Words   |  10 Pagesend-of-life decisions is â€Å"physician-assisted suicide† (PAS). This method of suicide involves a physician providing a patient, at his or her own request, with a lethal dose of medication, which the patient self-administers. The ethical acceptability and the desirability of legalization of this practice both continue to cause controversy (Raus, Sterckx, Mortier 1). Vaco v. Quill and Washington v. Glucksberg were landmark decisions on the issue of physician-assisted suicide and a supposed ConstitutionalRead MoreThe Ethics Of Physician Assisted Suicide926 Words   |  4 Pagesethics of physician assisted suicide since the late 18th century. According to medicinenet the definition of physician assisted suici de is â€Å"the voluntary termination of one s own life by administrating a lethal substance with the direct assistance of a physician.† This would typically come into play if/when a critically ill patient wants to end their suffering. Confirming with the State-by-State Guide to Physician-Assisted Suicide, 5 states have Paquin 2 Legalized physician assisted suicide. CaliforniaRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Essay1214 Words   |  5 Pagesrelentless pain and agony through physician assisted death? Physician-Assisted Suicide PAS is highly contentious because it induces conflict of several moral and ethical questions such as who is the true director of our lives. Is suicide an individual choice and should the highest priority to humans be alleviating pain or do we suffer for a purpose? Is suicide a purely individual choice? Having analyzed and even experience the effects of physician assisted suicide, I promote and fully support itsRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Is A Controversial Topic1929 Words   |  8 PagesOne may have heard of suicide, but not physician-assisted suicide. The two are very different in terms of the act of taking one’s own life. For instance, physician-assisted suicide is done with help from another person, usually a physician; where the doctor is willing to assist with e ither the means of how to take one’s own life or the actual act itself. This can either be by prescribing lethal doses of drugs to these patients who want to take their own life or by counseling these patients onRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide : A Controversial Subject1692 Words   |  7 PagesPhysician-assisted suicide is a controversial subject all around the world. Although it is legal in some countries and states, such as the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Oregon, Montana, Washington, and Vermont it is not yet legal in most (Finlay, 2011). People travel from all around the world to these locations to receive information. Physician-assisted suicide is when terminally ill and mentally capable patients perform the final act themselves after being provided with the required meansRead MoreEssay on Legalizing Physician-Assisted Suicide1871 Words   |  8 PagesPhysician-assisted suicide should be a legal option, if requested, for terminally ill patients. For deca des the question has been asked and a clear answer has yet to surface. It was formed out of a profound commitment to the idea that personal end-of-life decisions should be made solely between a patient and a physician. Can someones life be put into an answer? Shouldnt someones decision in life be just that; their decision? When someone has suffered from a car accident, or battled long enoughRead MoreThe Rights Of Physician Assisted Suicide1347 Words   |  6 PagesThe Right to Die By: Antony Makhlouf Antony Makhlouf PHR 102-006 Contemporary Moral Issues Final Paper The Right to Die Physician-assisted suicide, also known as euthanasia, has been a hot topic as of late. If you do not know what this is, physician-assisted suicide is the taking of ones life. This usually occurs when a patient is in a irreversible state, and must live through a tube. With multiple cases occurring in the past, current and the more to occur the in the future, this looksRead MorePhysician-Assisted Suicide Essay1038 Words   |  5 Pagesof their patients, or to assist them in ending their lives? Many people may believe that physicians would never perform the latter, but in actuality one practice does so. Physician assisted suicide is the intentional ending of one’s life brought on by lethal substances prescribed by a doctor. In the majority of cases, the patient is terminally ill and simply does not desire to live any longer. Their physician provides the medication necessary to end their life. Many supporters aver that this practice

Auditors Report of ABC Learning Centre †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Downfall of the ABC Learning Centre. Answer: Introduction The ASA701 Communicating Key Audit Matters in the Independent Auditors Report, is a new standard that has been developed by the IAASB, it deals with the duties of the auditor to comment on key important matters of the financial statements that focuss on the assumption of going concern. It applies to all audits of the general purpose financial statements of all the listed companies. Whnever the auditor is required to communicate the key audit matters to the important entities that ask for the same, or when the auditor does it on voluntary basis, the auditor needs to follow this standard. It applies to the audit of the financial statements for the period ending on or after December 15,2016. It ahs been one of the biggest changes in the overall standards of auditing, since it was first developed in 2004. The main reason behind this change was to help the investors and provide the shareholders of the companya snapshot of the overall audit so that they can comment on important matters in the lieu of the same. This is main reason that this standard was developed. But the first initiation that was taken to develop this standard occurred when the global crisis occurred with the downfall of the ABC learning center. This led to the need of developing a standard that can help the investors in getting an insight into the financial of the company and also with the auditors stating their take on the key audit matters , it helps in development of the effectiveness of the overall report. Thus these standards are very important and it is important that the auditor follows the same to the best of his ability. In cases if he fails to amke his report on the basis of these standards than the auditor will be held liable by the government and can be penalised for the same. The downfall of the ABC learning centre was the major reason that led to the development of this stanadard and we will analyse the overall effect it had on the functioning of the company. And what if the auditors h ad followed the standard before the crisis, would the global crisis would have been prevented or not(Abbott et al., 2016). Analysis Downfall of the ABC Learning Centre The ABC learning centre was founded in 1988. By 1996, the company had around 18 childcare centres and was one of the biggest players of the private childcare centre in Australia. By 2201, the company was listed on the Australian Stock exchange and by 2007; the overall market capitalisation of the company grew to about a$2.5 billion. The company reported an after tax profit of A$143.1 million and revenues of A$1.7 billion. However, post that the business was not functioning well and the company had to incur a lot of debt, which led to the delisting of the company from the stock exchange and the went into liquidation. Because of all these, the investors who had invested in the company had to suffer a lot, there was a decline in the share price of the company from the highest bid of A$8.62, to as low as A$0.54. This showed how badly the investor had suffered because of the delisting of the company and its failure to continue as a going concern(Burke Clark, 2016). Many factors led to th e downfall of the company that included the bad business model, regressive accounting policies, large capital expenditures, and poor acquisition policies, low advantage levels all that in combination led to the downfall of the company and had affected the investors of the company. After the collapse of the company, the investors found that the business model of the company was very hard to decipher and the overall operations that the company undertook was very opaque that was where the company failed. If the accounts of the company were properly audited and the key matters were included, then such loopholes would have been identified and that would have helped the investors of the company in taking important decisions and could have saved them from such major losses(Brannen, 2016). The major accounting issues that were involved in the downfall of the company involved the need of recognition of certain items in the auditors report as key audit matters. The first was the huge flaws in the intangible assets of the company and the same was not even recognising by the stock exchange on which the company had its account listed. The company had a large number of intangible assets in its financial statements, like goodwill, derivatives, and other biological assets that were hard to value and accounted for. Most of these assets were because of the companys aggressive acquisition policy rather than the basic operational business model. The problems was not there just in the functioning of the company , but the auditors that were appointed also failed to do their task with diligence. Since 2003, the company had appointed Pitcher Partners Brisbane firm, to audit its account, and the auditor happily obliged with the view of the management and issued unqualified audit report . They failed to identify that the overall payments from the loss making centres were shown as normal revenues and hid the fact that these institutions were merely El Dorado for ABC Learning shareholders. The Pitcher partner supported the same, and this led to the accumulation of millions worth intangible assets on the financial report of the company that was not valued properly and was neither accounted for. Many experts described the situation as the failure of the accounting and regulatory processes and deviation from the standard laws and methods. When the new auditor Ernst Young's took over from the previous auditor, and started the overall auditing process, it found that there were many loopholes in the overall accounting process of the company. It took over the audit from the year ending 2007, and it took seven weeks for the company to provide them with their interim reports. When the new auditor tried to reconcile their findings with those of the previous year, they found that there were many issues involved. When they asked the management of the company to make the requisite changes, the management found that if they inculcate all that the new auditors are telling in their books of account, it would lead to a lot of chaos on part of the management. The Ernst Young's audit was able to provide a clearer and true picture of the position of the company apart from what the previous auditor presented that was more of an illusion than a reality. Because of the deadlock of opinion between the two auditors, a third party was rop ed in to comment on the overall financials of the company. However, as per reports, KPMG was not successful in proving any of the auditors wrong. This raises a very important question to where is this process of auditing heading and what is something that the investors can believe that can help them in taking decisions. The main points that were concluded were that there elitists an audit expectation gap, a spar which people expect that the auditor goes through everything, every small details related to the business and comments on the proximity of the business. The company appoints the auditors, to check the accounts to have an assurance that the accounts of the company are OK. When they find matters that are fishy, than they look deep into the matter and probe the same, just as the EY team did in case of the ABC(Jones, 2017). It is very well stated that the work of the auditor of the company is to just express an opinion and not certify or justify anything. There are guidelines that have been prescribed to the auditors, but as the we see in the case of ABC that there is many divergent opinions that might affect the overall audit statements and reports. So the main question is whom the investors should rely on and what should be there taking if the audit is not done with the conviction that is requ ired. It has been said that such standards must be developed that helps the accountants and the auditors of the company to give their opinion on unique matters that are related to accompany rather than strict standards that allows them to try to cover everything and fail. Hence, the need for such strong auditing standards have raised that has led to the development of the ASA 701 Communicating Key Audit Matters in the Independent Auditors Report(Guragai et al., 2017). Features of the ASA 701 The main features of the standards includes that it asks the auditors to comment of the key matters of governance and make an opinion on the same. It is applicable to all the listed companies so that it provides some help to the investors that depends on these reports for their decisions. The auditor has the right to decide the key audit matters. The auditor can determine the same, by mandating the matters with those charged with governance and making an opinion on the matters that they feel require special attentions. They must take matters that are more prone to risk, like the intangibles, acquisition, revenue and taxes. These areas will include significant auditors judgment, management judgment, and specific event and transaction that will affect the same The auditor describes each of the KAM with utmost precision and proper scrutiny must be done before stating the same in the reports. Proper description with regard to each matter must be given and how is it affecting the overall profit of the company. Specific circumstances, in which the matters related to the KAM, cannot be included in the auditors report. The audit documentation must be related to the key audit matters. In addition, all the documents must be properly stored by the auditor and used as audit evidences(Knechel Salterio, 2016). Effect of the ASA 701 on the ABC crisis If these standards were developed before the crisis took place, it would have helped the auditors of the company and the auditors those were at fault had to comment on the key matters that were important. Because these standard was not there, the Pitcher Partner firm very easily stated that it still stands with all the opinion that is framed on the financials of the company, and the application and interpretation of the accounting standards is subject to the overall personal judgement and understanding. Hence making it clear that it possible that two auditors can have different opinion on the same company, because there is no specific standards that can ask the auditor to comment on certain specified matters. The auditors will check the accounts or their own assurance that they are ok, and in cases when they find discrepancies, they will probe further. Hence, it allowed the previous auditor to make use of major loophole in the auditing standards(Sonu et al., 2017). If this standard w as there beforehand, the company had to include proper details regarding many matters that included the intangibles and the overall revenues from the loss making units. Because of this downfall of the ABC learning centre the need for the new standards has raised so that the investors who are dependent on the audit report, who cannot have an insight in the financials of the company can easily take important decisions. In addition, it also makes the auditor more responsible and they cannot foray into wrongdoing with ease. They have to comment effectively and give their opinion and the management has to provide support to the auditors of the company in whichever very possible(Raiborn et al., 2016). Conclusion Hence through the above discussion and analysis we saw how important it is that the audit report that the company is providing to the investors and the auditors who are authenticating and forming the same, must do their work with utmost effectiveness and precision. It is very important that the investors who are relying on these reports gets the facts that can help them in taking important decisions with regard to the company they are investing their money in. In case of the ABC Company, the investor has to face a huge loss because as per the auditor, the company was doing well, had large revenues, and was a going concern entity. However, in reality most of the revenue that was shown was dud, and the company was incurring huge losses(DeZoort Harrison, 2016). So when suddenly the company went into liquidation, these investors were very terribly affected. This again emphasises the importance of audit and preparation of the financial statements of the company to best of ones ability, s o that all the stakeholders including the investors, government, public, who depends on these reports to take important decisions are able to benefit with the same. The issued new standard will help in solving a large number of issues, it is one of the biggest changes in the accounting standards since 2004, and will give power to the auditor with the abolition of many loopholes that was previously there in the system(Lefkowitz, 2017). References Abbott, L.J., Daugherty, B., Parker, S. Peters, G.F., 2016. INTERNAL AUDIT QUALITY AND FINANCIAL REPORTING QUALITY: THE JOINT IMPORTANCE OF INDEPENDENCE AND COMPETENCE. Journal of Accounting Research, 54(1), pp.3-40. Brannen, J., 2016. Mixing Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Research. NY: Ashgate Publishing. Burke, J.J. Clark, C.E., 2016. The business case for integrated reporting: Insights from leading practitioners, regulators, and academics. Business Horizons, 59(3), pp.273-83. DeZoort, F.T. Harrison, P.D., 2016. Understanding Auditors sense of Responsibility for detecting fraud within organization. Journal of Business Ethics, pp.1-18. Guragai, B., Hunt, N.C., Neri, M.P. Taylor, E.Z., 2017. Accounting Information Systems and Ethics Research: Review, Synthesis, and the Future. Journal of Information Systems: Summer 2017, 31(2), pp.65-81. Jones, P., 2017. Statistical Sampling and Risk Analysis in Auditing. NY: Routledge. Knechel, W.B. Salterio, S.E., 2016. Auditing:Assurance and Risk. 4th ed. New York: Routledge. Lefkowitz, J., 2017. Ethics and Values in Industrial-Organizational Psychology, Second Edition. 2nd ed. NY: Routledge. Raiborn, C., Butler, J.B. Martin, K., 2016. The internal audit function: A prerequisite for Good Governance. Journal of Corporate Accounting and Finance, 28(2), pp.10-21. Sonu, C.H., Ahn, H. Choi, A., 2017. Audit fee pressure and audit risk: evidence from the financial crisis of 2008. Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting Economics , 24(1-2), pp.127-44.

Member of Parliament free essay sample

This puts the rest of the team in a situation that could cause stress and extra work that they wouldn’t have had to deal with if the team member had done what they said they would do. In order to avoid this it is important for all team members to understand the importance of doing what they are assigned to do. †¢A team member who does not meet deadlines There are many things to consider when something goes wrong when you are a part of a team or group. The first thing I would do is make sure that the deadline was known and that the team member understood the deadline and what was supposed to be completed. If there was a misunderstanding then I would make sure that the rest of the team didn’t have the same misunderstanding about the deadlines and their importance. This situation is especially true for me and this assignment. We will write a custom essay sample on Member of Parliament or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I was late in submitting my portion and it has put team members in this exact scenario. The way I would handle this with myself, is to make sure I know how important deadlines are and how the impact the work of the rest of the team. I would let myself know that people are relying on me to have my portion of a project or assignment done in order for their portions to be implemented and the final project to be completed. In order to avoid this in the future, I will make sure that I keep track of all deadlines and schedule my time accordingly.

How Women Abolitionists Fought Slavery

How Women Abolitionists Fought Slavery Abolitionist was the word used in the 19th century for those who worked to abolish the institution of slavery. Women were quite active in the abolitionist movement, at a time when women were, in general, not active in the public sphere. The presence of women in the abolitionist movement was considered by many to be scandalous- not just because of the issue itself, which was not universally supported even in states that had abolished slavery within their borders, but because these activists were women, and the dominant expectation of the proper place for women was in the domestic, not the public, sphere. Nevertheless, the abolitionist movement attracted quite a few women to its active ranks. White women came out of their domestic sphere to work against the enslavement of others. Black women spoke from their experience, bringing their story to audiences to elicit empathy and action. Black Women Abolitionists The two most famous black women abolitionists were Sojourner Truth and Harriet Tubman. Both were well-known in their time and are still the most famous of the black women who worked against slavery. Frances Ellen Watkins Harper and Maria W. Stewart are not as well known, but both were respected writers and activists. Harriet Jacobs wrote a memoir that was important as a story of what women went through during slavery, and brought the conditions of slavery to the attention of a wider audience. Sarah Mapps Douglass, part of the free African American community in Philadelphia, was an educator who also worked in the antislavery movement. Charlotte Forten Grimkà © was also part of the Philadelphia free African American community involved with the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society.   Other African American women who were active abolitionists included Ellen Craft, the Edmonson sisters (Mary and Emily), Sarah Harris Fayerweather, Charlotte Forten, Margaretta Forten, Susan Forten, Elizabeth Freeman (Mumbet), Eliza Ann Garner, Harriet Ann Jacobs,  Mary Meachum, Anna Murray-Douglass (first wife of Frederick Douglass), Susan Paul,  Harriet Forten Purvis, Mary Ellen Pleasant, Caroline Remond Putnam, Sarah Parker Remond, Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin, and Mary Ann Shadd. White Women Abolitionists More white women than black women were prominent in the abolitionist movement, for a variety of reasons: Although the movement of all women was restricted by social convention, white women had more freedom than black women to move about.White women were more likely to have the income to support themselves while doing abolitionist work.Black women were, after the Fugitive Slave Act and the Dred Scott Supreme Court decision, at risk of capture and transport to the South if someone alleged (rightly or wrongly) that they were escaped slaves.White women were generally better-educated than black women were (even though not at all on a par with the education of white men), including in formal oratory skills popular as a topic in education at the time. White women abolitionists were often connected with liberal religions like the Quakers, Unitarians, and Universalists, which taught the spiritual equality of all souls. Many white women who were abolitionists were married to (white) male abolitionists or came from abolitionist families, though some, like the Grimke sisters, rejected the ideas of their families. Key white women who worked for the abolition of slavery, helping African American women navigate an unjust system (in alphabetical order, with links to find more about each): Louisa May AlcottSusan B. AnthonyAntoinette Brown BlackwellElizabeth BlackwellEdnah Dow CheneyLydia Maria ChildLucy ColmanPaulina Kellogg Wright DavisMary Baker EddyMargaret FullerAngelina Grimke and her sister, Sarah GrimkeJulia Ward HoweMary LivermoreLucretia MottElizabeth Palmer PeabodyAmy Kirby PostElizabeth Cady StantonLucy StoneHarriet Beecher StoweMary Edwards WalkerVictoria WoodhullMarie Zakrzewska More white women abolitionists include: Elizabeth Buffum Chace, Elizabeth Margaret Chandler, Maria Weston Chapman, Hannah Tracy Cutler, Anna Elizabeth Dickinson, Eliza Farnham, Elizabeth Lee Cabot Follen, Abby Kelley Foster,  Matilda Joslyn Gage,  Josephine White Griffing, Laura Smith Haviland, Emily Howland, Jane Elizabeth Jones, Graceanna Lewis, Maria White Lowell, Abigail Mott, Ann Preston, Laura Spelman Rockefeller, Elizabeth Smith Miller,  Caroline Severance,  Ann Carroll Fitzhugh Smith, Angeline Stickney, Eliza Sproat Turner,  Martha Coffin Wright.

Challenges Faced By Media in Africa Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Challenges Faced By Media in Africa - Assignment Example All these are responsible for collecting and relaying it to the people. According to (Louw, 2009) advancement in technology has led to development of new forms of mass media. The internet is an example of the advancement in technology. For a mass media to optimally perform its duties there should be managers who check that there is a smooth running of activities on a daily basis. In the media industry there exists different sectors that’s make up the media industry as a whole. These include the print, television, social, radio media and many others. Managers have a big role to play in all the sectors. Taking the case of the print media, (Hadland, 2007) states that managers are responsible with ensuring that there is at least information that is relayed to the magazine readers in a daily basis. Streamlining of activities is performed by the managers and the management at large. The managers are responsible for ensuring that he information that the readers get is authentic and t hat it also does not infringe on the right of any person in any way. They also have to ensure that the participating people in the sector do perform their duties as delegated to them, without the managers the running of these sectors would have been very difficult. With the changing technological inventions managers have to ensure that their sector get to move with the present forms of technology that affects their sectors. Managers should have strong creativity and thinking to ensure that their strategies and objectives are attained. They should also be able to troubleshoot problems and offer solutions to them in a timely manner. Furthermore, they should be able to ensure that their sectors do run in their expenditure limits, to optimize outcome. Managers in a media industry are usually problem solvers (Begoyan, 2012). This is because for any publication to get through in the printing media, approvals are mainly made by the managers. They help solve the problems that could arise fr om their work. They have to first analyze the contents of their work and ensure that it does not break any laws stipulated. Managers are also responsible for assigning work to employees in the media sector, with any conflict in work arising they are the ones to check and ensure that normality is brought back. Also when a problem arises because of any publication managers are the ones to air out the issues concerning the problems and not the other employees. Similarities and differences do exist between the problems that exist between the media industries in Africa and other parts of the world such as the U.S. Taking an example of In Africa and other parts of the world; the print media face a lot of challenges on their day to day activities. Problems that mainly exist in Africa are mainly communication, economical, political and social. These are discussed hereunder: Communication According to (Watkins, 2005) Communication Media mainly used by the print media sector are roads. They u se this to deliver their work to the readers in the different parts of the countries. Poor delivery of magazines books and news papers are categorized by poor roads. Some countries in Africa especially the sub-Saharan regions, have very poor terrain, this renders the places impassable and therefore delivering some of the print media materials like newspapers become a very hard task to accomplish because of poor infrastructure in many parts of Africa.

HR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

HR - Essay Example HR has immense value for a business. In fact, nothing in a business is as important as HR. The development, profitability, and success of a business fundamentally relies upon the ideas, concepts, and strategic management of the people involved in it. Poor management of one individual can ruin a business worth billions of dollars. Likewise, good leadership can make the business grow by leaps and bounds, and take it to the next level with every passing day. HR is the most valuable asset for any business. I have been having personal experience with the HR function of a business since I have been employed. I could experience the HR function right from my very first day at job. As I reached the office, I was led by the HR Manager to my room. The HR Manager made sure I was provided with a telephone, computer, and an Internet connection in my office. The HR Manager made me aware of my job responsibilities, and my daily, weekly, and monthly objectives. Since the HR Manager was helping me understand things and be facilitated in all ways, he was managing me. My experience with the HR function of my company has so far been both positive and negative at different points in time. For example, in the start, I was led by the HR Manager who explained me everything, and provided me with all the necessities for accommodation, which was surely a good experience. However, I was not paid until the third month of my service. In addition, I was not paid for the first fifteen days of my service since I had joined from the middle of month. This was a bad experience. In my judgment, the responsibility of HR Management in a business depends upon the size of a business and the extent to which it is developed. Small businesses usually have a General Manager (GM) who also performs the duties of an HR Manager along with his/her duties as a GM. However, large businesses have separate Human Resources Departments, with a proper

Dust Explosion Is One Of The Major Hazards Engineering Essay

Dust Explosion Is One Of The Major Hazards Engineering Essay Dust explosion must be controlled but means of necessary vent area design, Vessel strength, also following proper operational procedures and maintaining good housekeeping. Here a new bag filling plant and silo for plastic manufacturer is designed. So, as a safety advisor the vent sizing for a silo is presented to vent a dust explosion. Information required for the calculation of the vent sizing are strength of the vessel i.e. silo, explosion properties of the dust, size and shape of the vessel, the static activation pressure that is to open the venting in case of any pressure rise, condition of the dust cloud. If the dust is found to be toxic then venting should not be done if theres immediate harm to the environment. But in some unavoidable circumstances then the venting is done with an endangered area shall be specified. For that safe discharge area must be calculated to vent the dust to the atmosphere. And location of venting is chosen on the top of the silo i.e. vertical venting. This assumption made on the condition that the silo is sited in a congested area. Horizontal venting will cause harm the personnel working in the plant area. Plant Sketch Silo Air to bag filter Pneumatic Conveyor Cyclone Powder Inlet from plant Air Blower Vibrating outlets to bag filling stations Data given, Silo is of cylindrical shape. Diameter = 10m Height = 30m Vent duct length = 15 m Silo Design pressure = 0.25 barg Material stored in silo is plastic power and also includes Methylene dianiline (MDA). Here the dust is tested in and 20 litre sphere apparatus to find the maximum rate of pressure rise per unit time. The main apparatus is Sphere explosion vessel, dust dispersion system, ignition source, Pressure monitoring system and control system. This test done as per BS EN 14034-2:2006. And it is found that (dp/dt) max = 928 bar.s-1 Where (dp/dt) max Maximum rate of pressure (p) rise per unit time (t) The objectives of this design are i. To vent the deflagrating that occurs inside the vessel ii. To avoid the injury to personnel by vent discharge iii. To limit the damage of the vessel iv. To limit the damage of the nearby structures The following steps are identified for venting sizing with reference to i. Dust deflagration index Kst must be found, Kst = (dp/dt)max * V 1/3 Where (dp/dt) max Maximum rate of pressure (p) rise per unit time (t) =928 bar/s And volume of the test apparatus is 0.02m3 Kst = 928 * (0.02)1/3 bar.m.s-1 Kst = 252 bar.m.s-1 ii. Now maximum explosion overpressure occurs during dust explosion in an enclosed vessel (non-vented vessel) Pmax which is to determine the explosive characteristics of the dust. Procedure for measuring Pmax is done in 5litre apparatus and the apparatus is designed to withstand an internal overpressure of 20 bar. First required amount of dust is taken for the test. Then the dust is dispersed in the vessel at atmospheric pressure and before that the initial temperature is noted down. Then initial pressure Pi i.e. just a moment before ignition is noted. And the pressure rise recorded as a function of time. And from pressure time curve Pex is determined for the particular dust concentration. And the test is done for various dust concentration and the Pex results are plotted with various dust concentration until the maximum value of Pex is found. And that maximum value is the maximum overpressure Pmax. This Pmax and Kst plays crucial factor in determining the vent size and design for explosion protection. Here dust mixture composition is not known, so the vent size is based on highest Kst and Pmax value. The result of Pmax for various dust classes is referred from BS EN 14034-2:2006, the table is shown below Kst (bar.m.s-1) Dust explosion class Pmax (bar) 0 St 1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 9 200 St 2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 10 Kst > 300 St 3 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 12 Table 1a: Where, St 1- moderate explosible St 2 strong explosible St 3 very strongly explosible Hence from the table above Pmax is taken as 10 bar for Kst = 252 bar.m.s-1 and the dust is classified as St 2. iii. Now the vessel design pressure selection must be measured, if the enclosure vessel is designed as ASTM then Pmawp (Maximum allowable work pressure) can be calculated. Here it is given that design pressure is 0.25barg. Venting provided should be sufficient to reduce the enclosure vessel rapture due to reduced maximum overpressure, Pred,max Here Pred,max shall be chose shall not exceed two-third of the vessel strength. Venting shall be provided such that Pred,max shall not exceed the vessel strength to prevent the rapture of vessel during venting. Pred,max à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ (Pes/ DLF) Where, DLF dynamic Load factor as a result of pressure rise. In absence of detailed structural analysis, it is assumed that DLF = 1.5 the design based on weakest structural element. i.e. Pred,max à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ (2/3)(Pes) Where Pes enclosure strength in bar Hence, Pred,max = 0.166 bar iv. Vessel Height to diameter ratio, the ratio of height to diameter of the vessel must be included in determining the vent area. Increase in ratio of height to diameter increases the flame propagation inside the vessel. Hence the estimation of the ratio is given below, Veff = à Ã¢â€š ¬ r2 h Where Veff is the volume of the cylindrical vessel were flame can travel along the path. h Height of the cylinder r radius of the cylinder Veff = 3.14 * 5* 5* 30 = 2355m3 Aeff = Veff / H Where Aeff is the effective area of the cylindrical vessel Aeff = 2355 / 30 =78.5 m2 Deff = ((4*Aeff)/à Ã¢â€š ¬)1/2 Where Deff is the effective diameter of the cylindrical vessel Deff=((4*78.5)/3.14)1/2 = 10m H/D = 30/10 = 3m v. Venting cover operation, the following factors to considered for the venting cover operation such as venting opening shall be free and clear, should be obstructed by weather conditions and any dust deposits. The vent cover shall open at its static activation over pressure Pstat. And vent cover should withstand the pressure within the static activation overpressure Pstat.. Here venting cover with specific mass And Hence Pstat = 0.2 bar. Sizing of vent area, here the specific situation must be considered for the venting sizing. Here the material is transferred by pneumatic conveyor. And this is classified as Inhomogeneous dust distribution as per New findings on explosion venting by R.Siwek. For vessel length L> 10m A = 0.0011 * Kst* H *Df * [(1/Dz) (8.6 log Pred,max 6) 5.5* log Pred,max + 3.7] ( 1 +1.715 * Pred,max -1.27 * log (H/D)) Where, Df diameter of the pipeline, here its assumed as 0.1m for effective dust reduction A Vent area m2 Dz effective diameter of the cylindrical vessel Dz =( (4*v)/à Ã¢â€š ¬ ) 1/3 = (( 4*2355)/3.14)1/3 = 14 A = 0.0011 * 252 * 30 * 0.1 * [(1/14) (8.6 log 0.166 6 ) 5.5 log 0.166 + 3.7] (1 + 1.715 * 0.3 -1.27 * log 3) A = 30 m2 Effect of vent ducting, duct is normally to vent the discharge to a safe area away from the work area. But increase in duct length will increase reduced maximum explosion pressure. P red,max = -0.03267 * l*(H/D) + 0.3481 * l0.798 Where, l length of the duct (m) P red,max maximum reduced explosion pressure with vent duct P red,max = -0.03267 * 15 * (30/10) + 0.3481 * 150.798 P red,max = 1.5 bar P red,max = 0.2 *(C1 C2) * (1-(H/D)) + C1 Where C1 = P red,max * (1 + 17.3 *(A*V-0.753)1.6 * l) = 1.027 C2 = (0.0586 * l) + 1.023] * P red,max0.981 (0.01907 *l) = 0.5 P red,max = 0.8 bar And from the above equation relationship between the reduced maximum explosion pressure with vent duct and duct length can be found and also necessary increase in cylindrical vessel strength can also be estimated. Since the facility is still being designed and from the above result of with effect of vent duct it is evident that reduced maximum explosion pressure increases above the vessel design pressure. So the increase in design pressure and the vessel strength must be re-considered if vent duct is used to deflagrate the flame. Safe discharge, Maximum flame length for dust, X = Q*V1/3 Where Q 8 for vertical discharge X = 8 * (2355)1/3 X = 106.4 m Maximum flame width, W = 1.3 * (10*v)1/3 = 37m Maximum external pressure (dust) P = 0.2 * Pred,max * A0.1 * V0.18 = 0.188 bar Where P maximum external pressure A Vent area V Volume of the cylindrical vessel. 2. This bag filling facility handles plastics powder which generates dust must be examined for the explosive characteristics. For that we need to analyse the chemical compositions in it. The explosive dust decomposes generating large enormous energy. This decomposition includes oxygen in the molecule so it is not necessary that it needs air. So it is important to screen the chemical composition first, if the test indicates the presence of explosive characteristics then necessary dust explosion prevention and protection techniques must be implemented as a basis of safety. In order to prevent the dust explosion following techniques are used i. Controlling the source of ignition ii. Inerting For explosion protecting the following techniques are used i. Explosion containment ii. Explosion suppression iii. Venting DUST EXPLSION PROTECTION PREVENTION Control of ignition containment Source Suppression Inerting Venting Now the details of each technique are explained in detail below Controlling the source of ignition, dust explosion cannot occur unless theres a source of ignition. And hence a careful analysis must be done in design, operation and maintenance for the possible sources of ignition. Here are some of possible sources of ignition a. hot surface b. spark c. electrostatic spark d. heat e. friction f. flames Flames are one of the sources which can easily ignite the dust. Direct heating i.e. using of burners can be avoided in process where dust generation is possible. Welding works carried on the silo which has possible dust generation inside the vessel. So all hot works carried on silo must be allowed as per the statutory requirements. Any Internal combustion engines near the silo might take in the dust generated nearby and can cause explosion. And hence this combustion engine can be avoided or use of flameproof combustion engines. Electric power is also one of the sources of ignition. Electric spark which are produced from electrical equipment, if comes in contact with dust will result in explosion. Hence all the electrical equipment must be intrinsically safe and also ATEX 137 EU directive 95/9/EC certified equipment should be used depending upon the dust and zone classification. So this must be done during procurement stage. Once ATEX is implemented then zone classification must be done as a part of ATEX requirement by analysing the possible generation dust from the process i.e. Zone 20 dust generation is often, zone 21 dust generation likely to occur or Zone 22 dust generation not likely to occur. Dust depositing on hot surface will cause explosion depending on the temperature and geometry of the surface. In most of the cases this can be avoided by good housekeeping. And also Ignition occurs only when the surface temperature reaches the minimum ignition temperature of the dust. Static electricity is also one of the major hazards in process and chemical industries. When a charged particle comes in contact with the opposite or dissimilar object there will be transfer of charge and will results in spark. Since the powder have charged particle, when it comes in contact with dissimilar particle in transferring or free falling there will be transfer of charge which will generate spark. And the spark generated can cause ignition of the dust. Hence all the metal containers must be earthed so that the charge generated will leak away to the earth. And use non conducting materials are recommended in construction. Below diagram show difference between earthed and non-earthed conductor Figure 2a: Hazards in non-earthed conductor Friction is also one of the ways that dust cloud can be ignited. That is when hot particles come in contact with mechanical equipment by rubbing or impacting against the equipment can ignite the dust cloud. This friction ignition depends upon the maximum velocity of the hot particle impacting against the hot surface. And hence use of such mechanical equipment should be avoided. And the other possible chances of ignition of dust clouds can be through spontaneous combustion. So this type of burning occurs due to self-heating as a result of internal exothermic reaction which is followed by thermal runaway. If this heat release is unable escape will result in ignition. And also sufficient oxygen and dust concentration must be present for the thermal runaway ignition. Hence the safe way is to displace the oxygen is by inerting. Inerting is a process by sending inert substances to remove or prevent the explosive atmosphere formation. The main objective is to eliminate or to reduce the oxygen level below the lower flammability limit in order to avoid the catastrophic dust explosion, in some case combustion can also occur in very low oxygen level so in that case is safe to replace all the air with inert gases. Even sometimes explosive dust generated inside the vessel can be diluted into non explosive dust by passing certain inert dust e.g. limestone. When inerting theres chance of inert gases gets trapped inside the vessel, where personnels are accessible for confined space works, this will result in asphyxiation. Hence proper statutory rules must be followed in entry of confined space. Care should be taken when inert gases are sent into the distribution line. That is before passing the inert gases the impurities such as hazardous substance moisture etc. should be removed from the inert gases by means of filter. And flow of the inert gases must be maintained by the pressure monitoring and controlled. Flow chart for inerting process is shown below Inerting Use of inert dust as an inert medium Suitable inert gas available e.g.) N2, co2 etc Performing oxygen limiting measurement at process temperature and pressure Design dust inert system Ensure the reliability of the monitoring system Inert gas cost when compared to other safety technique, are the cost found satisfactory Consider basis of safety for design and operation And some the other available prevention techniques include installation of pressure sensor, alarm system in-case of overpressure, Automatic shutdown system in-cases of overpressure, Level indicator, correct operational procedures and Proper maintenance and inspection procedures. Explosion containment is used to withstand the explosion pressure rise and to prevent the rupture of the containment. The explosion containment usage is accepted when the release of the process materials is not acceptable. First maximum explosion pressure Pmax must be determined, since it is the crucial factor in explosion containment. Hence pressure resistant vessels are designed to withstand the maximum explosion pressure without any deformation or rupturing the vessel. And hence the stress induced by the maximum explosion overpressure should not exceed 50% of the yield strength of the weakest part. Explosion pressure shock resistant vessel is also designed to handle the maximum explosion pressure but deformation occurs to some extent. And the stress induced by the maximum explosion overpressure should not exceed 90% of the yield strength of the weakest part. Logical flow chart for explosion containment is shown below Explosion Containment Multi-volume Single volume Can explosion be contained by knowing Pmax and plant design? Are the multiple volume is mechanically isolated Is Rapture of vessel acceptable? Use pressure shock resistant vessel Use pressure resistant vessel Consider basis of safety for design and operation Cost valid when compared to other safety techniques Suppression is a technique which identifies the starting point of explosion and extinguishes the growing fire. Normally suppressor is used whenever it is difficult to discharge the pressure and flame in a safe area. Normally it takes 40 90ms for an explosion to occur when the dust gets ignited. So now the explosion detector detects the pressure rise in the vessel and it is designed to set the alarm when it reaches the reference pressure rise and activates the suppressor so that it suppresses/extinguishes the growing fire ball inside the vessel. Suppressor can also be used in parallel with venting where sufficient venting area is not achieved. And also it is to noted that explosion detector should withstand to the vibration, shock and resistant against corrosion. Below figure shown is the normal working of suppressor in the vessel. Normally suppression can be used for a vessel volume up-to 1000m3. For vessel larger than 1000m3 explosion suppression can be used and the explosion suppressor must be within the vessel volume boundary. Fig 2b: Suppressor working If a vessel is without suppressor and dust explosion occurs in a enclosed vessel then the pressure rise grow and attains destructible level which is shown below in graph (line A). If a suppressor is installed and suppressor extinguished before the explosion then the maximum pressure rise will be reduced Pred within the maximum vessel design pressure, shown below in graph (line B). In order to achieve the above it also depends upon the suppressor location, suppressor discharge rate and also number of suppressor placed in the vessel. Graph 2a: Pressure rise with suppressor and without suppressor There are many types of suppressors available such as hemispherical suppressor, High rate discharge suppressor are used. Normally high rate discharge are most widely used because for their high discharge rate to suppress the fire. In hemispherical suppressor usually liquids i.e. water is used as suppressant and can store upto 5 litres. And the initial velocity of hemispherical suppressor is 200m.s-1 and the discharge time is 10 30 ms. For high rate discharge suppressor the suppressant used can be liquid or dry powder. It can suppressant discharge time is within 10 millisecond and suppressant stored upto 40kg. And the suppressant materials used in order to supress the fire must quench the combustion. And some of the commonly used suppressants are dry powder i.e. dry chemical and water. Flameless venting is done to vent the explosions without any risk of external flame. Flameless venting device consists of flame arrestor which quenches the flame that propagates outside from the vessel. The main principle is that the arrestor reduces the fuel from flame below the ignition temperature by energy dissipation in the flame arrestor. 3. Here in this bag filling facility, use of hazardous substance involved. Hence this operation must abide to control of substance hazardous to health Regulation 2002 (As Amended) (COSHH) to control the hazards to the human health. Here in this bag filling facility there is use of plastic powder which get filled and packed. In this plastic power has an additive known as Methylene dianiline. This plastic powder is a thermoplastic intended for use in injection of moulding machine. This methylene dianiline is a carcinogen which causes cancer when it is inhaled by the people engaged in bag filling operation. So it is necessary to conduct control of substance hazardous to health risk assessment. And to evaluate the allowable exposure limits and the necessary measure to be taken while handing the hazardous materials. Main steps to be followed to prevent the health hazards and to comply with COSHH are as follows i. Determine the risk ii. Control measure implementation iii. Control the exposure iv. Continual improvement and practice of the control measure implemented v. Monitoring the exposure level with the control measures vi. Providing health monitoring check up vii. Prepare Emergency plan and conduct emergency mock drill viii. Providing training and necessary information to the employees Substances or chemicals that are hazardous to personnel health will come under COSHH. Here methylene dianiline is used which is identified as a potential carcinogen and hence the operation should comply with COSHH to control the health hazards and improve the operation. Determine the hazard The first step is to identify the hazard whether the substance used in the process causes health hazard to employee engaged in work. Here it is identified that Methylene Dianiline is a potential carcinogen. So operators engaged for bag filling, sealing and engaged in cleaning activities are at risk if exposed. So first we need to find the possible exposure points. From analysing the operation involved in bag filling facility. The possible release/exposure points are identified below, i. filling arms in bag filling station building it vibrates to prevent clogging ii. Opening the valve fast will cause sudden release of pressure. iii. Bag sealing possible dust generation since the bag is left opened iv. Cleaning the spilled dust near filling area v. Pneumatic conveyor possible leak point will cause dust discharge Here it is identified that possibility of the substance route to affect operator health is through inhalation when released in air. And hazards of methylene dianiline and its chemical properties are taken from CHIP classification, Now CHIP regulation gradually replaced by European CLP. And the hazard classification is taken from European regulation EC No 1271/2008 on Classification labelling and Packing (CLP) from Table 3.2 part3 of Annexure I to directive 67/548/EEC Index No International Chemical Identification Ec No CAS no Classification Labelling Concentration Limit 612-051-00-1 4,4Methylenedianiline 202-974-4 101-77-9 Crac Cat 2;R 45 Mutta.Cat,3; R 68 T; R39/23/24/25 Xn; R48/20/21/22 R43 N; R51-53 T;N R:45-39/23/24/25-43-48/20/21/22-68-51/53 S:53-45-61 Table 3a Classification is taken from European regulation EC No 1271/2008 on Classification labelling and Packing (CLP) from Table 3.1 part3 of Annexure VI to directive 67/548/EEC Index No International Chemical Identification EC No CAS no Classification Labelling Hazardous Class and Category codes Hazardous Statement Codes Pictogram signal word code Hazardous Statement Codes Suppl. Hazardous Statement Codes 612-051-00-1 4,4Methylenedianiline 202-974-4 101-77-9 Carc 1B Muta 2 STOT SE 1 STOT RE 2 Skin sens 1 Aquatic Chronic 2 H350 H341 H370 ** H373 ** H317 H411 GHS08 GHS07 GHS09 Dgr H350 H341 H370 ** H373 ** H317 H411 Table 3b: Where R Risk phase and H Hazard , Classification of levels of danger i.e. harmful, toxic, very toxic as per CHIP regulation. Here MDA is classified as potential carcinogen R 45 Cancer causing substance. Deciding proper safe guarding measure Since here the plant is in designing stage so the possible release/exposure points, population exposed to the hazardous substance and route of entry are identified and necessary control measure are indentified below to implement from the designing stage. So COSHH essential uses out of the risk assessment information it chooses one of the methods for control measure shown below, Figure 3a: The factors used in identifying appropriate controls measure are in below figure, Figure 3b: So the following steps are followed in identifying adequate control measure as mentioned in COSHH essentials: Easy steps to control chemicals i. Group the hazards identified ii. Grouping the physical properties of the amount used iii. Asses the anticipated exposure iv. Now combine step 1 to 3 to form a generic assessment Grouping the hazard, hazards are classified between A to E by R-Phase given in CHIP and H-Phase given in CLP. Below the table shows the classification of hazard group. In the below table units, mg/m3 milligrams per cubic meter and ppm parts per million. From below table methylene dialine classified under group E dust. Table 3c: Now to determine the predictive exposure we must first classify the hazardous substance physical properties. Here in bag filling operation, hazardous substance is in dust form, since the plastic powders are granule will generate dust. So as per COSHH essential they have presented a table for identifying the determinants of the hazardous substance. That is the factor for deciding the physical properties for solid are dustiness and for the liquid is the volatility. And based upon the below shown table here methylene dianiline is identified as fine solid and light power and the corresponding determinant is identified as high. Table 3d: And after identifying the determinant and amount used as per COSHH essential has identified four band of exposure potential and the table is shown below, Table 3e: Here in bag filling and packing operation the main product is plastic powder which contains methylene dianiline as an additive. So the quantities used which assumed to be in tonnes, the main aim of this plant is packing plastic powder. And the exposure predictor band here it is identified as EP 4. sNow to decide which the control approach is adequate enough to control the situation of health hazard has to be identified from the range given which is used in COSHH essential. And table is shown below Table 3f: And based upon the above control approval table and exposure predictor table COSHH essential formed a table relating exposure predictor to control approach. And the table is shown below. Table 3g: In-order to choose the type of control measure recommended we have to relate the target airborne exposure to the exposure predictor band .Hence for this bag filling facility type-4 control is recommended because the concentration level of the dust is unknown. Sample COSHH Risk assessment Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 What are the hazard What will harm and who? What are you doing Improvements needed Who When Check Breathing in dust from filling station Since the dust contains MDA might cause cancer and irritates the respiratory system Dust mask Get cab and filtered air supply Conveyor to silo, to filling station Nobody Dust Extraction Check for leaks weekly Bagging plastic powder Charge handed Storage and dispatch Forklift driver Dust mask Get cab and filtered air supply Cleaning the plastic powder dust spill Charge hand Brushing Vacuum hose to dust extraction Changing dust filter Charge hand Use of P3 respirator Contract out this work Also: Action Taken Action needed Examination Test COSHH Supervision Instruction and training Emergency Plan Health Surveillance Monitoring Review Date Recommendations Here to reduce the possible exposures to hazardous substance below are the following recommendations, i. Minimizing the generation of plastic dust such as designing conveying system in such a way to reduce the impact with hard surface to reduce the dust generation i.e. use of long sweep elbows. ii. Minimising the release of plastic dust such as keep silo in good conditions i.e. avoid crack, proper maintenance etc., maintain the transfer equipment in good seal condition to avoid leaks. iii. Plastic dust can be captured and contained. iv. Create awareness among the employee about the hazards associated in handling hazardous substance and use of MSDS. v. Regular health surveillance must be conducted to employee exposed to risk. vi. Use of proper respiratory PPEs while handling with plastic powder. As per COSHH essential it is identified suitable PPEs for the selected group hazard. Table is shown below and it is identified as Assigned protection factor 200. This APF is in reference with BS 4275 Table 3h 4. Project Description The new bag filling line and silo is being constructed for a plastic manufacturer which is located in congested area which means the silo is located in between the nearby structures and objects but the whole plant is located in plain and partly terrain area. This facility involves transfer of plastic powder from the plant to silo for storage so that it can used to store plastic powder prior to the bagging and distribution. Here in the silo there is possible release of dust into the atmosphere due to overpressure or overfilling. Since the dust generated inside the silo is vented to atmosphere so it must meet to the current environment legislation in order to avoid air pollution. From Silo the plastic powder is sent to bag filling station. The bag filling station comprises a building in which there are four bag filling stations. Hence an environmental impact aspect must be undertaken before the commencement stage . Plant Sketch Silo Air to bag f

Curricular Aims: Assessment of University Capstone :: Education School Essays

Curricular Aims: Assessment of University Capstone Albert North Whitehead (1929) believed that the raison d’etre of universities was neither for the imparting of knowledge nor for the opportunity for research. Cheaper alternatives for both were and are available to achieve those functions. Instead, he asserted. The justification for a university is that it preserves the connections between knowledge and the zest of life, by uniting the young and the old in the imaginative consideration of learning. The university imparts information, but it imparts it imaginatively. At least, this is the function which it should perform for society. A university which fails in this respect has no reason for existence (p. 93). When Whitehead described the purpose of education in his text, The Aims of Education, he had the luxury of his assertions without the burden of proof. The Academy today, while equally as passionate about the aims of education as Whitehead, must not only describe its reason(s) for existence, it must also provide evidence that those aims which it described as important are ultimately attained by its students. This evidence must be considered and presented both for ourselves (The Academy) and for our â€Å"constituents† (i.e. students, accrediting bodies, employers, donors, and society). The authors assert that three issues are paramount to any assessment of a curriculum in higher education. The first deals with the â€Å"reason for existence† issue raised by Whitehead (i.e. Are we doing the right thing?). The second issue has to do with examination of whether we are accomplishing our goals (i.e. Are we doing the right thing right?). The final issue involves how we can assess whether we are doing the "right thing right." Doing the right thing? Several years ago, Millikin University embarked on the difficult challenge to create a seamless curriculum that provided for intentional connections -- connections between the major and the non-major, connections between the curricular components at each level, and connections between the curricular components over the course of four years. In the development of this comprehensive and cohesive curriculum (dubbed the MPSL -- the Millikin Program of Student Learning), the faculty identified "common threads" of the MPSL. Those common threads are 1) Student learning goals, 2) Core questions, values, and means, and 3) Proficiencies. (See the student learning goals in Table 1 for the specific elements defining each one). The faculty vision for the University is actualized through the effective implementation of these common threads within the curriculum.

Reverse Osmosis for Wastewater Recycling Essay

Reusing treated wastewater for beneficial purposes, such as agricultural and landscape irrigation, industrial processes, toilet flushing, or groundwater basin replenishment, is growing in response to environmental and economic concerns. One of the key factors involved in recycling wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent for another use is the need to reduce total dissolved solids (TDS). This is often done by using a reverse osmosis (RO) system, which relies on pressure differential to force a solution (in this case, water) through a membrane that retains the solute on one side and allows the pure solvent to pass to the other side. While extremely effective on biologically treated wastewater, RO systems need to be coupled with an effective pretreatment system to avoid common issues that can result in system failure, including plugging, fouling, and scaling. One of the most effective pretreatment options for wastewater applications is membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology, in which a membrane process like ultrafiltration (UF) or microfiltration is combined with a suspended growth bioreactor. MBR provides high quality feed water to the RO, minimizes footprint and the cost of civil works, and reduces treatment plant downtime, thereby reducing operating costs. Koch Membrane Systems’ PURON ® submerged MBR technology has successfully been used as the pretreatment option for challenging industrial and municipal water reuse RO systems, and can help make water recycling technologies more cost-effective. Reverse Osmosis Systems Present Challenges for Water Reuse Pretreatment methods are critical when designing RO systems. For example, RO membranes used for most water reuse applications contain a brine spacer, typically made of low density polyethylene mesh netting. If there is a high level of suspended solids in the feed water, this brine spacer can become plugged. Another issue is the high levels of organics contained in many biologically treated wastewaters, which are rejected by the RO membrane and progressively concentrated as the water flows across the membranes. This concentration of organics can foul the membrane, especially towards the RO system outlet. Biofouling can also occur, because the organics in wastewater make an excellent food source for microorganisms. Also, some treated wastewaters contain high levels of bacteria, so biogrowth may occur quickly even if RO feed water is disinfected. Finally, calcium phosphate scaling can cause problems with RO systems operating on some wastewaters. The scaling can be mitigated by operating at lower water recovery, using acid or other antiscalant to minimize scaling, or modifying the operating conditions of the WWTP to reduce the amount of phosphate in the RO feed. These plugging, fouling, and scaling issues mean that the RO system needs to be operated at higher pressures, leading to increased power consumption, increased chemical costs for cleaning, and a shorter membrane life. How can these challenges be minimized and overall water reuse system lifecycle costs reduced? Effective pretreatment of the feedwater before it flows through the RO system is the answer, provided that the pretreatment steps are chosen carefully to ensure that the RO system can work as intended. Reverse Osmosis Pretreatment Options There are many different pretreatment options, and the best for a particular process depends on power, chemical, labor and land costs, wastewater source, and the existing wastewater treatment system. Conventional Pretreatment The conventional effluent pretreatment scheme might be primary treatment, biological treatment and, the most crucial part of the process, solids-liquid separation using secondary clarification. The conventional sedimentation process often doesn’t remove enough bacteria and suspended solids, so sand filtration may be added to improve the solids-liquid separation and provide higher quality water to feed the RO system. Using ferric chloride along with the sand filtration may enhance solids and organics removal. However, upsets in the secondary clarifier can lead to effluent with higher levels of TSS and BOD, causing plugging of the brine spacer with suspended solids and organic fouling. Also, power consumption for RO systems with this type of pretreatment tends to be high, and membrane life is often quite short. Lime-softening has been somewhat more successful in protecting the RO membranes, but this increases operating costs and does not totally prevent fouling of RO membranes. Ultrafiltration Improves Suspended Solids Removal As RO Pretreatment Many of today’s water reuse systems use an ultrafiltration (UF) pretreatment step to emove suspended solids. These systems typically use hollow fiber UF membranes, which do an excellent job of providing water with low suspended solids to feed the RO system. However, the UF system is an extra treatment step, requiring additional footprint, and adding to operating costs. The UF system may also be susceptible to upsets from a conventional WWTP, which can further increase its operating costs. Membrane Bioreactor As RO Pretreatment With an MBR, the UF membranes are submerged in the activated sludge to combine the biological step and the solid-liquid separation into a single process. The membrane acts as a barrier, which improves the effluent quality. The MBR eliminates the secondary clarifier and does not rely on gravity for liquid-solids separation and so allows the activated sludge to operate with a higher mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentration. The increased MLSS concentration reduces bioreactor tank volume, saving footprint and capital construction costs. Overall, the MBR process reduces footprint significantly compared to the combination of conventional activated sludge followed by sand filtration or ultrafiltration. The footprint savings due to the wastewater treatment plant alone can be as much as 50 percent, along with additional footprint savings from eliminating other filtration steps. Using MBR technology also simplifies the overall treatment train, minimizing the number of unit operations. Benefits Of Koch Membrane Systems’ PURON MBR Technology Koch Membrane Systems’ PURON submerged hollow fiber UF module offers robust, cost effective solutions for RO pretreatment. The patented membrane module contains hollow fibers, the lower ends of which are fixed in a header. The upper ends are individually sealed and are free to move laterally, as shown in Figure 1. The PURON module is submerged in the mixed liquor. All solids and particulates remain on the outside of the fibers while permeate flows in an outside-in pattern by means of a vacuum that evacuates permeate through the inside of the hollow fiber. | The free moving fibers, combined with central air scour aeration, ensure stable filtration during plant operation, long membrane life, and lower operating costs due to reduced need for energy, cleaning and maintenance. PURON MBR has been used successfully as the pretreatment step for a number of challenging industrial wastewater systems. For example, a Belgian firm that manufactures chemicals for film processing and printing uses large amounts of fresh water for cleaning and production. The firm began reusing its wastewater to reduce its fresh water costs, and selected an RO system to produce water with the low salt and nitrogen content required for its process. The firm installed a PURON submerged hollow fiber MBR as the pretreatment step prior to the RO, and the system has been operating successfully since 2005. Another example is an Australian malt-producing company that sought to reduce its use of fresh water by recycling its wastewater. PURON MBR technology was selected as the pretreatment step for the RO system, since it provided the best quality water to feed the RO while minimizing overall operating costs. The MegaMagnum ® RO system recovers the MBR effluent as product water for reuse. The system has been running since 2006. In fact, the RO permeate quality is equal to or better than the local potable water supply. Space & Cost Considerations Treatment operation footprint is a primary consideration in developing the best treatment system. Since the PURON MBR system reduces the volume of the bioreactor tanks and eliminates the secondary clarifier, the footprint for an MBR process is much smaller than tertiary filtration steps with sand filtration or UF. If space is limited, MBR may be the only pretreatment choice that fits in the available space. Other considerations include costs of land, civil works, equipment, power, chemicals and labor, and the payback period used. High land and civil costs tend to favor MBR use. For large municipal treatment facilities requiring RO as a final treatment step, an MBR should compare favorably to conventional wastewater treatment as a pretreatment step prior to RO. In a 20-year analysis the municipality should realize savings in RO membrane replacement and power as a result of the MBR pretreatment step. For an industrial company looking at a short payback, the preference for conventional or MBR technology will depend on the relative cost of civil works and land versus the equipment cost. Conclusions Using RO systems to reclaim and recycle wastewater effluent is growing rapidly, and Koch Membrane System’s PURON MBR technology is now being considered as the pretreatment option for an increasing number of industrial and municipal reuse applications. The PURON submerged membrane modules provide high quality feed water to the RO, minimize footprint and the cost of civil works, and reduce the susceptibility of the RO treatment train to upsets. PURON is a trademark of Koch Membrane Systems GmbH and is registered in Austria, Benelux, Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Taiwan and the United Kingdom. MegaMagnum is a registered trademark of Koch Membrane Systems, Inc. in the United States and other countries. Wastewater Recycling for the Stone Fabrication Industry As a stone fabricator you’re looking for a wastewater treatment system that keeps you in compliance, but wouldn’t it be nice to save some money too? That’s where our wastewater recycling and treatment systems come in. These zero discharge, closed loop systems collect the water you use for polishing, cutting, and other processes; cleans it thoroughly, and recycles it so you can use it again. Your wastewater is never discharged into the public system during this process, so you have no chance of being out of compliance. Between the money you’ll save on non-compliance fees and the reduced cost of your water bill, the return on your investment will be substantial. And because we use the most durable, well-designed components on the market in each wastewater recycling system, you can be sure this system will run efficiently for as long as you need it to. We even design and manufacture some of those components in house, including: * Filter presses * Clarifier systems * Chlorine dioxide generators * Control panels * More The solid, smart construction of our zero discharge wastewater recycling systems results in a wide variety of beneficial features, including automation options, expandable filter presses that can accommodate your business as it grows, the ability to accommodate flow rates for 10 GPM – 200 GPM, the ability to filter solids water down to below 1 micron, and more.

Medieval Piety Essays - 1629 Words

Religion in the Middle Ages takes on a character all of its own as it is lived out differently in the lives of medieval men and women spanning from ordinary laity to vehement devotees. Though it is difficult to identify what the average faith consists of in the Middle Ages, the life told of a radical devotee in The Book of Margery Kempe provides insight to the highly intense version of medieval paths of approaching Christ. Another medieval religious text, The Cloud of Unknowing, provides a record of approaching the same Christ. I will explore the consistencies and inconsistencies of both ways to approach Christ and religious fulfillment during the Middle Ages combined with the motivations to do so on the basis of both texts. A central†¦show more content†¦Pursuing such spiritual fulfillment is a responsibility not to be taken lightly. Often, literal commands of Jesus such as pilgrimages have two and three fold benefits. Besides the very physical connections with the sacred that they offer arriving at places of sacred history, pilgrimages are also a form of penance for sins. Because of the sacrifice of time, money, and risk to make these pilgrimages, best seen by Kempes outrageous devotion in leaving behind her life and family for long periods of time, pilgrimages assist in erasing sins in ones life. Another reason that Margery and medieval Christians would embark on these pilgrimages is for the reverence of saints and their relics that they would visit. The Middle Ages emphasized an important connection to the lives of past saints believing that the saints still had power to intercede blessings into the lives of religious people on Earth. Where Margery is set a part from common laity, during her pilgrimage to Jerusalem she receives a special spiritual gift of â€Å"cryings† that she can not control when rel igious emotion comes over her. Describing these outbursts, the author of her autobiography says, â€Å"The crying was so loud and so amazing that it astounded people†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Windeatt, 104). It is assumable that emotional experiences upon pilgrimages of either laity or monastics to such places as the Holy Land would be common, however that people wereShow MoreRelatedMedieval Woman Book Owners : Arbiters Of Lay Piety And Ambassadors Of Culture By Susan Groag Bell850 Words   |  4 Pages In the journal article Medieval Woman Book Owners: Arbiters of Lay Piety and Ambassadors of Culture, written by Susan Groag Bell, explains the cultural changes in the Middle Ages. She give details on how the increase in lay piety and vernacular literature were both connected with one another. In addition to this, these two topics played key roles in the changes taking place. 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