Sanctification Based on Calvins Theology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sanctification Based on Calvins Theology - Essay Example The first part will try to define morality while the succeeding section will tackle about the different meanings attributed to sanctification, giving emphasis on what is taught by Calvinism. In light of this, the issue that links sanctification with morality will be examined through a discussion on the definition of morality. This paper will conclude with its findings. In the strictest sense, morality refers to "which is innately regarded as right or wrong (Morality 2006)." There isn't a concise meaning associated with morality as it often refers to set of judgments and principles shared by individuals in within the same culture, religion, and philosophical concepts which separates and identifies actions which are right or wrong, acceptable and unacceptable. The concept of morality is often used by groups to regulate the functioning of their circle by setting a specific standard by which their members are subjected. In other words, the concept of morality serves as a regulating factor in maintaining the harmony in a group. We can see a problem of morality given this definition. We can see that morality varies from culture to culture, religion to religion, and sometimes even from individual to individual. Some actions are considered acceptable by a culture, while others see the same action as immoral. Examples of these are abortion, white lie, and euthanasia. Some groups and individuals consider these as permissible while others question the morality of such actions. Calvin's Theology John Calvin is one of the most famous theologian and ecclesiastical statesman. Through his revolutionary beliefs and teachings, he became the major French Protestant Reformer and was dubbed as the "most important figure in the second generation of the Protestant Reformation." His ideas of Christianity are found in his famous work Institutio Christianae Religionis (Institutes of the Christian Religion). John Calvin laid out the foundation of Calvinism which is one of the major factors that influenced the formation of the modern world (John Calvin 2002). One of the most important doctrines contained in Calvin's theology is the doctrine of original sin which is adopted from the Augustinian teachings. This doctrine supports the idea that the whole mankind has fallen before God when Adam and Eve fell prey to the temptation in the Garden of Eden. The sin committed by the first man is denoted as the original sin. At that point, sin entered the heart of men and everyone born on this earth has the original sin. Sin is what separates man from his creator. Therefore, the fall of man in the Garden of Eden makes man a slave of sin and every human being has an inclination to commit sin (The Teachings of John Calvin 2000). Institutes of the Christian Religion states that: When the will is enchained as the slave of sin, it cannot make a movement towards goodness, far less steadily pursue it. (2.3.5) Man alone has no power to save himself from sin. Even though his freewill was not removed from him, he cannot resist the urge to commit sin. However, God's great love and compassion for mankind made a remedy for this situation. Through the Son of God Jesus Christ, man was freed from the burden of sin. Calvin refers to this process as justification. Through this justification, man's original sin is forgiven. John Calvin also put forward that another

Readiness of Kindergarten Teachers along K-12 Curriculum Essay Example for Free

Readiness of Kindergarten Teachers along K-12 Curriculum Essay One of the major reforms in our country’s educational system is Republic Act 10157, otherwise known as â€Å"The Kindergarten Education Law† or the K to12 (K+12). This Law made the Kindergarten compulsory and mandatory entry to basic education. This Law was initiated by the Aquino administration in order to address the perceived decreasing quality of education in the country, and to meet the international standard regarding the number of years in basic education. This program will require all incoming students to enroll into two more years of basic education. The K+12 System will include the Universal kindergarten, 6 years of elementary, 4 years of junior high school with an additional 2 years for senior high school. The program is implemented and formulated along with the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and with the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA). The current k-12 model that had been implemented in the country is an educational landscape for basic and secondary system patterned after the United States, Canada and some parts of Australia had done it. According to Patricia. Velasco’s article, the K- 12 Curriculum envisions â€Å"holistically developed learners with 21st century skills† (DepEd Primer, 2011). This further means that every student would have an understanding of the world around him and a passion for life-long learning while addressing every student’s basic learning needs: â€Å"learning to learn, the acquisition of numeracy, literacy, and scientific and technological knowledge applied to daily life† (p. 6). The main objective of the K to 12 curriculum is to achieve the DepEd’s goal of eradicating illiteracy rate in the country. â€Å"No child is left behind. † (source). Every Filipino has the right to receive quality education in order to become an asset in all dimensions, competent, efficient, effective and productive citizen leading to a decent and comfortable living. The most interesting part concerning the K to 12 program is on its practical assistance for the poor but skillful students. For instance, the student cannot afford to go to college; he is given an option or privilege to be employed not as a professional but on technical job because his skills acquired and developed during his Senior High School can be a guarantee for his  qualification for a vocational employment. Moreover, the program aims to uplift the quality of education in the Philippines in order for graduates to be easily employed. Our country is the only country in Asia and among the countries in the world that has a 10 year pre- university program. The program also aims to meet the standards required for professionals who would want to work abroad. The system aims to fully enhance and develop the students in order for them to be well-prepared especially in emotional and cognitive aspects. Through this, graduates will be able to face the pressures of their future workplace. The K-12 aims the students to have a relevance or importance in the social and economic reality of life. The realm of their role as members of the country. Thus, this vision will be complete through an enhanced curriculum. (K-12 Kindergarten Curriculum Guide 2013) DepEd said that this is the right time to do something better for the field of education, having poor quality education. The DepEd released their stand along the reform. In stressing the need for the new system of basic education, President Benigno S. Aquino III said, â€Å"We need to add two years of our basic education. Those who can afford pay up to fourteen years  of schooling before university. Thus, their children are getting to the best universities and the best jobs after graduation. I want at least 12 years for our public school children to give them an even chance at succeeding. † (source) With the K-12 program, different arguments were formulated. Not all are in favor of the K+12 Education program. There are students complaining of the additional years and there are parents who are not in favor of the additional expenses. But it is an undeniable fact that additional years in the education system will really require more budgets not just from the government but from the  parents as well. Aside from this, students will need additional classrooms, school supplies and facilities. The program would need more qualified teachers as well. Teachers plays an important role 1 / 3 in the K-12 program because they are the ones who will teach the kindergarten pupils, especially the Pre – school teachers. Markovac amp; Rogulja, 2009, stated that the, early care main goal is to fulfill the Delors principles: â€Å"Learning to be, learning to do, learning to know and learning to live together and to live with others. † The early childhood is a time of rapid growth in all aspects of  children’s development fostered by their natural curiosity and adult support. Therefore, Preschool education is the foundation for a childs education. The skills and knowledge that a child develops in the preschool years will have a dramatic impact on a childs success when formal schooling begins as well as life success. Preschool education is important because it can give your child the edge in a competitive world and education climate. The first year of a child’s life is globally acknowledged to be the critical year for lifelong development because the pace of development during these years is  extremely rapid (National Council of Educational Research and Training, 2006 as cited in the K to 12 Curriculum Guide – Kindergarten). While children who do not receive the fundamentals during their preschool years will be taught the alphabet, counting, shapes and colors when they begin their formal education they will be behind the children who already possess that knowledge and skill set. The Pre – school teachers are supposed to have the courage and knowledge to teach the little ones. They will serve as the guide and the second mother at school. Children’s learning will greatly depend on the teachers strategies. Hence, kindergarten teachers should provide them with an engaging and creative curriculum that is developmentally – appropriate, age – appropriate and socio – cul;turally appropriate (DepEd K to 12 Curriculum guide for Kindergaten, 2012). Many new parents start hearing about K-12 since before their kids are born. However, they are not very clear about what K12 means, and why is necessary for them to start inform themselves about it as it will impact their kids’ future. What Is K12 Education? This term was coined to describe primary and secondary education. This includes kindergarten (K) all the way to the 12 grade. This extremely popular type of education is very common among several countries around the world. â€Å"K to 12† stands for kindergarten plus 12 years of elementary and secondary education. This educational system for basic and secondary education is widely adopted around the world. Early childhood education is intended to support and complement family upbringing and the main goal is to create good opportunities and conditions for each child’s well-being, create a stimulating environment for the child’s comprehensive development and learning while taking into account their age, gender and individual features. The role of early childhood care and education settings in improving children’s development has begun to be viewed with increasing importance. The recognition that centre-based childcare is associated with a host of positive developmental outcomes for children, such as increased cognitive abilities, language development, and emotional and social development (Kagan amp; Neuman, 1997; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Early Childcare Research Network [NICHD], 2000, 2002, 2008; NICHD amp; Duncan, 2003), has led to the introduction of a new policy in Ireland that provides every three-year-old child with access to a free preschool place for one year (Office of the Minister for Children and Youth Affairs [OMCYA], 2009). The importance of preschool learning is that first, parents must remember that preschool education is the foundation for your childs education. As Adams (2008) stressed that early childhood education is the key to building a strong foundation for a child’s educational success. The skills and knowledge (not to mention aptitude and attitude) that your child develops in the preschool years will have a dramatic impact on your childs success when formal  schooling begins as well as life success, as supported by the House Bill 5367 (2009), aimed to incorporate preschool education to basic education with the DepEd at the frontier of its implementation all over the country. This bill was in consonance with the state’s policy to provide equal opportunities for all children to avail themselves of free and compulsory preschool education that effectively promotes physical, social, intellectual, emotional simulations, let alone values formation to adequately prepare them for formal elementary schooling, second is that by actively  promoting and encouraging your childs preschool learning you will promote his or her self esteem as well. Help your child gain confidence by making learning fun and easy at this age and you will 2 / 3 help make your child an eager lifelong learner and the finally preschool education is important because it can give your child the edge in a competitive world and education climate. While children who do not receive the fundamentals during their preschool years will be taught the alphabet, counting, shapes and colors when they begin their formal education they will be behind the children  who already possess that knowledge and skill set. According to Anita Woolfolk Hoy and Megan Tschannen – Moran ,(2002), teachers’ sense of efficacy has been related to students outcomes such as achievement (Ross, 1992), motivation, (Midgley, Feldlaufer, amp; Eccles, 1998) and students’ own sense of efficacy ( Anderson, Greene, amp; Loewen, 1998). DepEd Secretary Armin Luistro stated that enhancing the competencies of pre-school teachers will have a great impact on the young learners. â€Å"We should ensure that teachers are ready for the challenge of making our young kids’ first school experience enjoyable  and giving them a positive experience that will motivate them to remain in school and complete their education. † This means that pre-school teachers are the implementers of the socially defined curriculum objectives. They help children to adapt to the society and to become its members, to develop interaction between children and different generations, and absorb the main behavioral habits and roles of the community. Also their task is to educate children to become unique subjects and persons as they truly are (Dewey, 1916; Ojakangas, 1998; Siljander, 2002) To become preschool teachers one must have the ability to deal with pupils ages 5. A preschool teacher needs to be proficient in helping children learn how to cooperate, providing fun learning activities suitable for preschoolers, keeping children safe, working as a team member with other teachers and interacting with parents. Preschool teachers need to be eager participants in childrens growth and development, as well as helping students understand how to use their natural curiosity to help make the appropriate developmental leaps in their skills and abilities. They are expected to create an atmosphere where risks can be taken and discoveries made while children remain safe. POWERED BY TCPDF (WWW. TCPDF. ORG).

You Really Cant Go Back :: Personal Narrative Essays

You Really Can't Go Back    As we grow older and return to the places of our childhood, we are often surprised to discover things are not as we remember. A child's memory of a place, such as a family vacation spot, will be very different from that of an adult's. Particular details like size, glamour, and level of excitement are often escalated in the eyes of a child.    One place I loved as a child was Mayville Amusement Park in Mayville, New York. The day after school was out, my parents would take me, my brother, and a few of our friends to Mayville Park. I can remember the excitement I felt as we loaded in the car. The trip took about two hours. During that time, my friends and I would plan our day down to the last detail. First we would ride the roller coaster and then the rocket ride. After driving for what seemed like days, we finally arrived. I remember thinking to myself how big the park was and that this must be what Disney World looks like. I felt like a small fish in the ocean. Everything looked so big and so scary. First, we headed straight to the roller coaster. As we got on the coaster car and began up the steep incline, I remember thinking I was high enough to touch the clouds. This roller coaster had to be the biggest in the world! After the roller coaster, our next stop was the rocket ride. The rocket would shift back an d forth, move up and down, and pivot all around. I felt like a real astronaut. After all the moving around in the rocket, Daddy decided he would take us to the arcade so our stomachs could settle down. I remember I would always try to win the big stuffed bear at the bottle toss, but it was always too hard. Soon we would be out of quarters, and Daddy would tell us it was time to leave. I can remember my brother and me begging to stay longer, but we always had to go. As we loaded in the car to head home, I can remember thinking to myself that when I grew up I would bring my children to the park and let them stay as long as they wanted.

Presidential campaign

The 2008 Presidential campaign is heating up and voters are beginning to, if they had not already, become acquainted with the various candidates. From the mood of the country, coupled with the various polls which report in unison, their results, it seems likely that a Democrat will become the next president of the United States. The reason for this has more to do with what the Republicans have failed to do, than what the Democrats can do. The war in Iraq hurt the Republicans in the last midterm election and many believe that the same will be repeated next November. As a result of these findings, three Democratic candidates will be featured. They are Chris Dodd, Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton. The latter two are fighting against each other to become the party's presidential candidate in 2008 and the former, Chris Dodd is fighting to be recognized. In the November 15, 2007 Democratic debate, Dodd spoke the third longest, trailing behind both Obama and Clinton.[1] Unless there is an upset, it seems that the party faithful will have to choose between Obama and Clinton as their nominee. However, one of the aspects which keep the interest of the nation for more than a year, is the predictability of politics and that the nomination is still up for grabs. Chris Dobb is a five time United States Senator from Connecticut. His father was one of the lead prosecutors during the Nuremberg Trials in 1946.[2] The Dodd family has been one of class and privilege in the state of Connecticut for some time. However, this level of financial separation from the middle and lower classes of his state, has not been equated to a level of discontent between Dodd and the people that he represents. What has and will continue to serve as one of the major impediments for Dodd as he attempts to claim the Democratic nomination, is his lack of notoriety outside of Connecticut. Chris Dodd follows in all of the national polls as well as the state polls in Iowa and South Carolina which will be the first two state primaries and are scheduled to be held early next year. A Dodd nomination is a long shot. Barack Obama is another presidential candidate who is trailing in the polls. Despite the fact that he has been endorsed by Oprah Winfrey, perhaps the most powerful woman in America Obama will have to gain   a lot of ground on his chief rival, Hillary Clinton is he hopes to gain his party's nomination. Obama trails Clinton by more than twelve percentage points in both the Iowa and South Carolina races. However, recent flip flops by Clinton, most recently regarding New York Governor Eliot Spitzer's plan to give drivers licenses to illegal immigrants in which Clinton expressed both her support and disagreement with the plan, seemingly at the same time, people are labeling Clinton as one who panders to popular opinion instead of possessing hard fought convictions. Obama represents all those who have felt as though they have been left out of the political process. This is why among 18-24 year olds, less than 15% are expected to vote in either the general or presidential elections.[3] Obama’s youth as well as his diverse ethnicity will both help and hurt him as he attempts to become the first biracial president in American History. Obama is beloved in Illinois and in the Chicago area where he served as a state senator for a number of years. It also does not hurt that Obama is photogenic and energetic as well. Even his critics cannot help but state that barrack Obama is a gifted speaker and politician. It also does not hurt that Obama's campaign has deep pockets and trailed only the Clinton campaign in the money that it raised during the first half of 2007. Obama raised $58 million.[4] It has become a necessary evil in today's political atmosphere, that only those viable candidates who can raise the money, will have the opportunity to stay in the race. Republican hopeful, Mike Huckabee has already bowed out of the presidential race for that same impediment; not enough money. It does not seem that Obama will have that problem. His problem lies in being able to win over skeptics who doubt that a one term U.S Senator possesses the necessary experience to run a country. Also, it cannot be ignored that Obama's race might also serve as an impediment as well as some will decide that America is not ready for a president of partial African descent. One would hope that in a meritocracy such as the United States claims to be, one will â€Å"not be judged by the color of one's skin but by the content of their character†[5] as martin Luther King dreamed might be the reality one day in America. It is this level of discontent with old party politics, both within the Republican and Democratic Party, that Obama has received so much excitement. Obama is a new type of politician and it is that freshness that he brings to an old institution that has helped to bring so much attention to his campaign. Obama is a junior United States Senator from Illinois with the least amount of experience among all of the presidential candidates. However, Obama has attracted the attention and incited the passions of America's youth to such a degree not seen since the McGovern Campaign of 1972 and before that, the 1960 campaign of John F. Kennedy.[6] Whether or not Obama can help millions of American youth, previously apathetic towards politics, to incite a passion for politics and the opportunity to make a positive change in America, remains to be seen. The front runner to receive the Democratic party's nomination for President of the United States is Hillary Clinton. Clinton is both beloved and hated by Americans. There are few candidates, in both the Republican and democratic parties, which command such attention as does Hillary Clinton. A junior Senator from the state of New York, Hillary Clinton is no stranger to politics. This has been especially true since her husband, Bill Clinton was president from 1993 until 2001 and had he been allowed to run for a third term, many believe, he would have easily won. Clinton has the most money, the best connections and the most experience compared to the rest of the presidential candidates within the executive Branch. The fact that her failed attempt to reform health care in the early 1990's is still being brought up has not helped. However, Hillary Clinton is still the person to beat. It should have been no surprise at the latest Democratic debate on November 15, 2007, that her record was the one that was attacked the most.[7] The polls show and the candidates have   concurred, Hillary Clinton is the person to beat. Some have said that the fact that Hillary Clinton is married to former President Bill Clinton will serve as an impediment to her goal of becoming President. Mr. Clinton's latest comments in which he seemingly attempted to exclude the past mistakes of his wife by playing the victim, has not been met with positive reactions and has actually hurt Mrs. Clinton in the polls. having said that, Bill Clinton serves as a huge positive force within the Clinton campaign. Within those who identify themselves as Democrats and perhaps a few republicans who keep their fondness for the Clintons a secret, many wish for a return to the days of the Clinton White House. The Constitution bars anyone from seeking a third term. The next best thing is to elect the wife of Bill Clinton. This certainly does not mean that Senator Clinton does not have the ability to stand alone on her own two feet and when she plays down the role that her husband would have if she were to become the next president, is believable, the fact that she is married to Bill Clinton, has and will continue to serve as a huge boost for the Clinton campaign. Despite the numerous shady deals and repeated sexual indiscretions, the country still has a love affair for Bill Clinton. This is made truer by the disgust and sheer hatred that many democrats have for current President George W. Bush whose mistakes only make Democrats long for the Clinton White House even more. The 2008 Presidential Election is one of the most important ever seen in American political history. The future of Iraq, universal health care, welfare and immigration reform, are dependent upon who is in the White House as well as what party dominates the houses of Congress. A clean Democratic sweep will have a direct affect upon all of the aforementioned issues. The result of the Iowa and South Carolina primaries are heavily anticipated. An upset in either primary will have a great influence in perhaps rewriting part of this survey on the current status of the Democratic Presidential Nomination. Exactly who will win the Democratic Presidential nomination, as well as their bid for the White House is still in the open. However, the smart money, for those who gamble, will still have to go with Hillary Clinton. The fact that there still remains to be seen, a Republican front runner who is actually a conservative, only serves to help the Democrats and their current top dog: Senator Hillary Clinton. However, for those who believe that reality is stranger than fiction, it would behoove them to pay close attention to the political process which accompanies our selection for the next president of the United States. Surprises are sure to follow. WORKS CITED Clinton, Hillary Living History New York: Simon & Schuster 2003 Gerth, Jeff   Her Way: The Hopes & Ambitions of Hillary Rodam Clinton   New York: Simon & Schuster 2005 Jackson, David   Obama, Edwards Comes Out Firing Against Clinton   USA Today November 16, 2007 Myers, Joan Obama Announces Candidacy Chicago Tribune February 11, 2007 Page, Clarence Opponents Cite Obama's Lack of Experience Chicago Tribune   July 18, 2007 Biography on Chris Dodd   www.chrisdodd,com   Retrieved November 16, 2007 [1] Jackson, David   Obama, Edwards Comes Out Firing Against Clinton   USA Today November 16, 2007 [2] Biography on Chris Dodd   www.chrisdodd.com   Retrieved November 16, 2007 [3] Gerth, Jeff   Her Way: The Hopes & Ambitions of Hillary Rodam Clinton   New York: Simon & Schuster 2005 [4] Jackson, David   Obama, Edwards Comes Out Firing Against Clinton   USA Today November 16, 2007 [5] Page, Clarence Opponents Cite Obama's Lack of Experience Chicago Tribune   July 18, 2007 [6] Page, Clarence Opponents Cite Obama's Lack of Experience Chicago Tribune   July 18, 2007 [7] Jackson, David   Obama, Edwards Comes Out Firing Against Clinton   USA Today November 16, 2007   

American History Coursework

Andrew Jackson’s coming to power, his election in 1828 and the inauguration that followed was a critical moment when a democratic spirit took possession of American culture and public life. But the democratic movement was too large and wide to be reflected perfectly in the rise of a single leader, however influential he might be. But before looking at Jackson’s role and in the national arena where he played this out, I think we need to understand the wider scope of opinion that turned America in a more democratic direction and made Jackson’s rise possible.During the 1820’s and 30’s the term democracy first became in use as a way of describing how American institutions were supposed to work. The Founders had defined democracy as direct rule by the masses of the people; most of them rejected this approach to government because it was against their conception of a well balanced republic led by a natural aristocracy. For winners of popular government in the Jacksonian period the people were truly sovereign and could do no wrong. â€Å"The voice of the people is the voice of God† was the clearest expression in this principle.Conservatives were less certain of the knowledge of the common folk. But even they were coming to see that public opinion had to be won over before major policy decisions could be made. Besides giving a feeling of popular sovereignty the democratic movement seemed to stimulate a process of kind of like a social equality. Earlier Americans had usually assumed that the rich and wellborn should be treated with special respect and recognized as natural leaders of the community and guardians of its culture and values.By the 1830’s there was a disappearance of inherited social ranks and clearly defined aristocracies or privileged groups was a radical feature of democracy in America. The election of 1828 saw the birth of a new era of mass democracy. Jackson’s presidency started with his endorsemen t of rotation of officeholders or the spoils system. He was the first president to defend this practice as a legitimate application of democratic doctrine. Jackson also established a new kind of relationship with the cabinet.Under other administrations, cabinet officers had acted on their own responsibility, making major policy decisions and advising Congress on legislation without presidential direction. They would serve for the full term of the president who selected them. Key questions affecting the government as a whole had often been decided by a majority vote of cabinet. All of that changed when Jackson came into power and when he came into office he reorganized the cabinet. The Whigs were a new national party that got its name because of its associations with both English and American Revolutionary opposition to royal power and standards.But the main force of their creation was because of the critical support from southern proponents of states rights who had been upset by the political nationalism of Jackson’s stand on nullification and his unconstitutional abuses of power in his withdrawal of federal deposits from the Bank of the U. S. Jackson’s presidency was marred with many scandals and impassioned ideals. But in my opinion how he handled the western expansion gave him an â€Å"F† on being a president. The example I want to use is the â€Å"Trail of Tears† and the ruthless land grabbing his administration was known for. Reference: Latner, Richard B.The Presidency of Andrew Jackson: White House Politics, 1829- 1837. Athens: University of Georgia Press, (1979). #2) Discuss industrialization of the North during the antebellum period†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ There are few developments in all of human history as important as the Industrial Revolution. This great movement created wealth, material goods, and services on a scale unimaginable to the people of any earlier society. It created the resources to provide a reasonable standa rd of living for virtually the entire society, and stands of education, medical care, and nutrition unknown anywhere in the world before.Just as important was the contribution of the millions of men and women who made up the labor force in the new factory system. Industrialization had some unfortunate social consequences as well as beneficial economic ones, and the history of labor was not necessarily characterized by steady improvement in either wages or conditions. A number of factors determined the condition of workers in a particular period. Among them were the available supply of labor, the skills necessary to a particular job, the type of industry in which one was employed, and the attitudes of courts and together governmental agencies toward labor and business.During much of our industrial history, the economic theory that considered labor a commodity whose value would fluctuate with supply and demand, just as the cost of raw materials or manufactured products might, dominate d American thinking. The first half of the nineteenth century is an especially interesting period in American labor history. During those years, industrialization with its substantial technological innovations and the introduction of the factory system of labor happened quickly. Yet there was a wide spread fear or distrust for the new machinery and the new spirit of industrial growth.There was also a well established social philosophy as to the position of classes, the responsibilities of the employer and the roles of men and women in the labor force and in the home. Such deep social beliefs are not easily removed and only slowly were they modified to meet the demands of the new industrialism. One interesting face of labor history during this period is the way in which some of the new capitalists attempted to reconcile the old social philosophy of the paternalistic employer and his responsibility for the worker with the factory system of labor and the introduction of women workers.S ome of the women of the period extended their concerns to areas such as the antislavery crusade after they had become inflamed by the discrimination they experienced as women. Many other first began working in abolition and humanitarian reform movements and turned their attention to the women’s rights crusade only after discovering that their meddling in these area evoked taunts and threats of women in public affairs. Their reforms ranged from dress styles that afforded more freedom to equality in marriage, law, and employment. Women entered industry, journalism, medicine, teaching and in many other areas.But throughout the nineteenth century the majority of American women still saw their roles as those of wives and mothers. Females were still expected to devote all of their time and strength to providing a home for their husband and children. To write or lecture in political causes was unfeminine. Despite the reforms of the Jacksonian period, there is little evidence of subs tantial changes in either male or female attitudes towards women. Reference: Ware, Norman. The Industrial Worker: 1840-1860. Peter Smith: 1959, (1924). #3) Discuss the agrarian economics of the South during the antebellum period†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Southerners became increasingly alarmed by their region’s lack of economic self-sufficiency. Dependence on the North for capital, marketing facilities, and manufactured goods were seen as evidence of a dangerous subservience to external economic interests. Southern nationalists called for the South to develop its own industries, commerce, and shipping. Southerners did not believe that such diversification would require a massive shift to free wage labor. They saw no reason why slaves could not be used as the main work force in an industrial revolution.Men with capital were doing too well in plantation agriculture to ask their money in other ventures. I think it would be difficult to determine whether it was some inherent characteristic of slavery as a labor system or simply the strong market demand for cotton and the South’s capacity to meet it that kept most slaves working on plantations and farms. A minority of about 5 percent during the 1850’s were successfully employed in industrial tasks. Besides providing most of the labor for mining, lumbering, and constructing roads, canals and railways slaves also worked in cotton mills and tobacco factories.In the 1840’s and 50’s a debate raged among white capitalists over whether the South should use free whites or enslaved blacks as the labor supply for industry. Some wanted to defend a white labor policy arguing that factory work would provide new economic opportunities for a degraded class of poor whites. But others that were for industrialization feared that the growth of a free working class would lead to social conflict among whites and preferred using slaves for all supervised manual labor. Some factories employed slaves, others white wo rkers and a few even experimented with integrated work forces.As nearly as con be determined, mills that hired or purchased slave labor were just as profitable and efficient as those paying wages to whites. By 1800 slavery had been eliminated in the North and in 1808 Congress banned the further importation of slaves from Africa. Although some illegal importations continued, other factors primarily accounted for the extraordinary need and expansion of slavery in the nineteenth century. One factor was the invention of the cotton gin which allowed the quick cleaning of as much cotton as the slaves could pick.A second contribution was the acquisition of vast new territories beyond the Mississippi River, which created a market for slaves and gave rise to the domestic slave trade within the United States. Between 1820 and 1860 the slave population increased by more than 400,000, Southern planters found slavery to be economically profitable. There was also the high birth rate among African Americans and before the Civil War there were four million black people lived as permanent, hereditary slaves.This formed the chief labor force from tobacco fields of Virginia to the cotton fields of Alabama, blacks were very important to southern agriculture and to sever other parts of the southern economy. As chattels, bought and sold like livestock, they were an easily marketable property that could bring ready cash to the slave owner. Slaves brought with them their own culture and beliefs that when considering the size of the population did influence, and one could say, Africanized the South. Reference: Owens, Leslie H. This Species of Property: Slave Life and Culture in the Old South.New York: Oxford University Press, (1976). #4) Discuss some of the major events which intensified the conflict between the North and South†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Many have looked for the reason in the crisis that worked up to the disruption of the Union, but have failed to agree on exactly what they were . Some have said it was the clash of economic interests between agrarian and industrializing regions. But this does not reflect the way people at the time expressed their concerns. The main issues in the sectional debates of the 1850’s were whether slavery was right or wrong and whether it should be extended or contained.Many disagreements over protective tariffs and other economic measures allegedly benefiting one section or the other were only secondary. It has never really been clear why the interests of northern industry and those of the South’s commercial agriculture were irreconcilable. There was really no reason for producers of raw materials to go to war with those who marketed or processed them. Some have blamed the crisis on irresponsible politicians and agitators on both sides as being the problem. But the modern view has the roots lying in the ideological differences over the morality and use of slavery as an institution.Increased tension during the Mexican War began because the Constitution had not predetermined the status of slavery in future states and led to the Missouri crisis that resulted in compromise that was designed to decide future cases and remain a rough division between slave and free states by drawing a line between them and extending it westward through the unsettled portions of what was them American soil. When Texas was admitted as a slave state, northern expansionists could still look to Oregon to counter balance, but the Mexican war raised the prospect that California and New Mexico would be acquired and then what.Then with the free-soil crusade and the proposed amendment to the military appropriation bill that would ban slavery in any territory that would be acquired from Mexico trouble began to brew. A chain of events in late 1859 and early 1860 turned southern anxiety about northern attitudes and policies into a crisis of fear. These events alarmed slaveholders because they appeared to threaten their safety and dominance in a new and direct way. The first was the incident of John Brown’s raid on Harper Ferry.Brown was a fervent abolitionist who had shown in Kansas the he was prepared to use violence against the enemies of black freedom. Brown’s aim was to arm the local slave population to commence a guerrilla war from havens in the Appalachians that would eventually extend to the plantation regions of the lower south. After Brown was sentenced to be hung Southerners were stunned and outraged by the outpouring of sympathy and admiration that Brown got from the North before his execution.Southerners interpreted the wave of northern sympathy as an expression of the majority of opinion and the real attitude of the North. Then there was Lincoln’s election that provoked the secession of seven states of the Deep South even though it did not lead immediately to an armed conflict. After Lincoln’s election there were doubts as to if he could do the job because of his lac k of experience and with the collapse of compromise efforts only increased the tensions that brought this country closer to the Civil War.But probably the most important reason for the south to be so upset was because of Lincoln’s belief in ending slavery, a very important factor in Southern life. Reference: Donald, David H. Liberty and Union. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co. , (1978). #5) Why was the Confederacy unsuccessful in establishing its Independence†¦ By early 1863 the Confederate economy was in shambles and its diplomacy with England had collapsed. The social order of the South was also showing signs of severe strain.Masters were losing control of their slaves, and non slaveholding whites were becoming disillusioned with the hardships of a war that some of them described as â€Å"a rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight. † As slaves fled from the plantations, increasing numbers of lower-class whites deserted the army or refused to be drafted i n the first place. Whole counties in the southern backcountry became deserter havens. Appalachian mountaineers, who had remained loyal to the Union, resisted the confederacy more directly by mounting a small scale war behind southern lines.Yet the North was slow to capitalize on the South’s internal weaknesses because of its own serious morale problems. The long series of defeats on the eastern front had engendered war weariness and the new policies that military necessity forced the government to adopt encountered fierce opposition. The last two and a half year of the struggle saw the implementation of more radical war measure. The most important of them was the North’s attempt to follow through with Lincoln’s passion to free the slaves and bring the black population into the fight on the Union side.The battle turned in the summer of 1863, but the south continued to resist for 2 more years until it was overtaken by the weight of the North’s advantages in manpower and resources. The limits of the Jeffersonian vision were very apparent even to contemporaries. The people who spoke of equality often owned slaves. It was not surprising that leaders of the Federalist Party accused the Republicans, especially those who lived in the South of hypocrisy and in Massachusetts Federalists defined Jeffersonian democracy as a plantation owner with many slaves.The race issue simply would not go away. Jeffersonian did not fulfill even their own expectations. As members of an opposition party during the presidency of John Adams, they insisted upon a strict interpretation of the Constitution. Large navies were vital in the scramble for colonies, and in the 1870’s the United States had almost no navy. One of the most powerful fleets in the world during the Civil War, the American navy fell into rapid decline.With the military effort to seize control of the Mississippi Valley halted at Shiloh, the Union navy soon contributed dramatically to the pursuit. On April 26th a fleet under flag officer David Farragut, coming up from the Gulf, captured the port of New Orleans after boldly running past the forts below the city. The occupation of New Orleans, besides securing the moth of the Mississippi climaxed a series of naval and amphibious operations around the edges of the Confederacy that had already succeeded in Capturing South Carolina’s Sea Islands and North Carolina’s Roanoke Island.Strategically located bases were provided to enforce the blockade of the southern coast. The last serious challenge to the North’s naval supremacy was when the Confederate ironclad vessel the Merrimack had demolished wooden hulled northern ships was repulsed by the Monitor an armored Union gunship. It was later both ships were lost, the Merrimack at Norfolk and the Monitor in a gale in December. Reference: McPherson, James M. Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction. New York: Knopf, (1982).